Ecological and economic efficiency of growing on dark gray soils of bean-cereal grasses

Saabunud / Received 02.05.2022 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 14.07.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 14.07.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Yevheniia Butenko ; [email protected] efficiency of growing leguminous and cereal agrophytocenoses (Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa sown with the addition of Bromus inermis, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca rubra), highlighted their economic and energy advantages over cereal grasses. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of grass mixtures on the main indicators of the efficiency of growing sowing phytocenoses during haymaking in the Carpathians on dark grey soil. Growing agrophytocenoses without mineral fertilizers ensures the maintenance of 370–520 € ha–1 of net profit, with the profitability of 151–187%, the cost of 1 ton of feed units – 56.7–66.7 €, bioenergy coefficient – 2.5–2.9, energy efficiency ratio – 5.8–6.5 and energy consumption per 1 ton of feed units – 4.0–4.7 GJ. The cultivation of alfalfa-cereal grasses is ensured on dark-wet soil with three years of use of the best indicators of economic and energy efficiency. It was found that on both experimental bean–cereal grasses the highest efficiency is maintained when P60K60 is applied in combination with inoculation of seeds of bean strains of nodule bacteria

Changes in the nitrogen compound transformation processes of typical chernozem depending on the tillage systems and fertilizers

Saabunud / Received 15.12.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 18.06.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 18.06.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Andrii Butenko ; [email protected] analysis of efficiency’s research of interrelation between soil’s biomass and tillage systems and fertilizers is done. The number of microorganisms responsible for the transformation of nitrogen compounds and their state in typical black soil was studied. There is evidence-based scientific and practical research on the effectiveness of these microbiological processes and the improvement of environmental performance through the various fertilizer systems and soil tillage. The use of an organic-mineral fertilizer system increases the total number of soil microorganisms and exponential mobilization processes, compared to the variant without fertilizers. This pattern is clear in the variants of shelf tillage for row crop rotation. The number of microorganisms that absorb mineral compounds of nitrogen decreased by 24%, bacteria ammonification by 1.5–5.7% compared to plough tillage. The ratio between the number of microorganisms accounted for the nutrient laboratory solutions for organic-mineral fertilizer system, compared to variants without fertilizers, is greater by 20–26% for differentiated and 14–35% for shallow tillage

Синтез енергоефективного закону управління розгоном автомобіля

We have established the laws of change in the vehicle acceleration time at the existing step transmission of ICE, when implementing the total traction force, boundary for the drive wheels adhesion to the road, and during implementation of the proposed rational law for acceleration control. To model ICE speed characteristics, we applied the empirical dependence by S.R. Leyderman. The analytical expressions obtained allow us to implement such a change in vehicle acceleration depending on its speed that makes it possible to ensure maximum dynamism at minimal engine power consumption, taking into consideration a nonlinear change in external resistance. The maximum acceleration, which is possible to implement using the rational dynamic characteristic, can reach 7 m/s2. Based on the dependences obtained, it is possible to determine effective work of ICE required to accelerate a vehicle at different gears. An analysis of calculation results revealed that the transition from lower to higher gears is accompanied by a sharp decrease in engine energy expenditure required to accelerate the vehicle.It was established that for the case of hybrid vehicles, acceleration using the electric drive, rather than accelerating at lower gears of the mechanical drive, makes it possible to reduce energy losses by 20 % (for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine). Energy preservation is accomplished by reducing the fluctuation of traction force, as well as the possibility of a step-free change in motion speed.Определена рациональная динамическая характеристика автомобиля, позволяющая разгон при минимальных затратах энергии двигателя. Определены законы изменения времени разгона автомобиля при реализации предельной по сцеплению ведущих колес с дорогой суммарной тяговой силы и при реализации предложенного рационального закона управления ускорением. Проведена оценка эффективной работы ДВС при разгоне на различных передачах автомобиляВизначена раціональна динамічна характеристика автомобіля, що дозволяє розгін при мінімальних витратах енергії двигуна. Визначено закони зміни часу розгону автомобіля при реалізації граничної по зчепленню ведучих коліс з дорогою сумарної тягової сили й при реалізації запропонованого раціонального закону управління прискоренням. Проведена оцінка ефективної роботи ДВЗ при розгоні на різних передачах автомобіл

Синтез енергоефективного закону управління розгоном автомобіля

We have established the laws of change in the vehicle acceleration time at the existing step transmission of ICE, when implementing the total traction force, boundary for the drive wheels adhesion to the road, and during implementation of the proposed rational law for acceleration control. To model ICE speed characteristics, we applied the empirical dependence by S.R. Leyderman. The analytical expressions obtained allow us to implement such a change in vehicle acceleration depending on its speed that makes it possible to ensure maximum dynamism at minimal engine power consumption, taking into consideration a nonlinear change in external resistance. The maximum acceleration, which is possible to implement using the rational dynamic characteristic, can reach 7 m/s2. Based on the dependences obtained, it is possible to determine effective work of ICE required to accelerate a vehicle at different gears. An analysis of calculation results revealed that the transition from lower to higher gears is accompanied by a sharp decrease in engine energy expenditure required to accelerate the vehicle.It was established that for the case of hybrid vehicles, acceleration using the electric drive, rather than accelerating at lower gears of the mechanical drive, makes it possible to reduce energy losses by 20 % (for a four-cylinder internal combustion engine). Energy preservation is accomplished by reducing the fluctuation of traction force, as well as the possibility of a step-free change in motion speed.Определена рациональная динамическая характеристика автомобиля, позволяющая разгон при минимальных затратах энергии двигателя. Определены законы изменения времени разгона автомобиля при реализации предельной по сцеплению ведущих колес с дорогой суммарной тяговой силы и при реализации предложенного рационального закона управления ускорением. Проведена оценка эффективной работы ДВС при разгоне на различных передачах автомобиляВизначена раціональна динамічна характеристика автомобіля, що дозволяє розгін при мінімальних витратах енергії двигуна. Визначено закони зміни часу розгону автомобіля при реалізації граничної по зчепленню ведучих коліс з дорогою сумарної тягової сили й при реалізації запропонованого раціонального закону управління прискоренням. Проведена оцінка ефективної роботи ДВЗ при розгоні на різних передачах автомобіл

A Simplistic Analytical Model for Hydrogen Surface Coverage Under the Influence of Various Surface-Related Processes and Ion Bombardment

The paper describes a simple analytical model that allows the calculation of hydrogen surface coverage under the influence of several processes that can co-occur during the ion-beam bombardment/sputter analysis of a sample surface, in particular during analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The model considers processes of dissociative adsorption, desorption, absorption from the surface into the sample volume, and removal by ion bombardment. After describing the model, we provide some examples of its practical applications for interpretation of the experimental results obtained during in situ SIMS studies of hydrogen interaction with the hydrogen-storage alloys TiFe, Zr2Fe, and with nickel. In the examples, some quantitative characteristics of surface-related processes involving hydrogen, such as hydrogen sputtering rate, activation energy of hydrogen desorption and absorption, have been successfully determined using various model approaches

Evaluation of seven European aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithms for climate analysis

Satellite data are increasingly used to provide observation-based estimates of the effects of aerosols on climate. The Aerosol-cci project, part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (CCI), was designed to provide essential climate variables for aerosols from satellite data. Eight algorithms, developed for the retrieval of aerosol properties using data from AATSR (4), MERIS (3) and POLDER, were evaluated to determine their suitability for climate studies. The primary result from each of these algorithms is the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at several wavelengths, together with the Ångström exponent (AE) which describes the spectral variation of the AOD for a given wavelength pair. Other aerosol parameters which are possibly retrieved from satellite observations are not considered in this paper. The AOD and AE (AE only for Level 2) were evaluated against independent collocated observations from the ground-based AERONET sun photometer network and against “reference” satellite data provided by MODIS and MISR. Tools used for the evaluation were developed for daily products as produced by the retrieval with a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km2 (Level 2) and daily or monthly aggregates (Level 3). These tools include statistics for L2 and L3 products compared with AERONET, as well as scoring based on spatial and temporal correlations. In this paper we describe their use in a round robin (RR) evaluation of four months of data, one month for each season in 2008. The amount of data was restricted to only four months because of the large effort made to improve the algorithms, and to evaluate the improvement and current status, before larger data sets will be processed. Evaluation criteria are discussed. Results presented show the current status of the European aerosol algorithms in comparison to both AERONET and MODIS and MISR data. The comparison leads to a preliminary conclusion that the scores are similar, including those for the references, but the coverage of AATSR needs to be enhanced and further improvements are possible for most algorithms. None of the algorithms, including the references, outperforms all others everywhere. AATSR data can be used for the retrieval of AOD and AE over land and ocean. PARASOL and one of the MERIS algorithms have been evaluated over ocean only and both algorithms provide good results

Coulomb dissociation of O-16 into He-4 and C-12

We measured the Coulomb dissociation of O-16 into He-4 and C-12 within the FAIR Phase-0 program at GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt, Germany. From this we will extract the photon dissociation cross section O-16(alpha,gamma)C-12, which is the time reversed reaction to C-12(alpha,gamma)O-16. With this indirect method, we aim to improve on the accuracy of the experimental data at lower energies than measured so far. The expected low cross section for the Coulomb dissociation reaction and close magnetic rigidity of beam and fragments demand a high precision measurement. Hence, new detector systems were built and radical changes to the (RB)-B-3 setup were necessary to cope with the high-intensity O-16 beam. All tracking detectors were designed to let the unreacted O-16 ions pass, while detecting the C-12 and He-4

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages