311 research outputs found

    Optimization in semi-supervised classification of multivariate time series

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    Abstract. In this thesis, I study methods that classify time series in a semi-supervised manner. I compare the performance of models that assume independent and identically distributed observations against models that assume nearby observations to be dependent of each other. These models are evaluated on three real world time series data sets. In addition, I carefully go through the theory of mathematical optimization behind two successful algorithms used in this thesis: Support Vector Data Description and Dynamic Time Warping. For the algorithm Dynamic Time Warping, I provide a novel proof that is based on dynamic optimization. The experiments in this thesis suggest that the assumption of observations in time series to be independent and identically distributed may deteriorate the results of semi-supervised classification. The novel self-training method presented in this thesis called Peak Evaluation using Perceptually Important Points shows great performance on multivariate time series compared to the methods currently existing in literature. The feature subset selection of multivariate time series may improve classification performance, but finding a reliable unsupervised feature subset selection method remains an open question

    Nuorten alkoholikÀytön tutkimus Suomessa 2000-luvulla

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    Photographized nature : I. K. Inha s work as a signification of nature

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    Photographized nature I. K. Inha s work as a signification of nature The dissertation examines, through the work of the Finnish photographer and writer I. K. Inha (formerly Konrad Into Nyström) (1865 1930), the different ways in which the signification of nature is achieved. The principal material consists of Inha s work from 1890 to 1925, from which a number of photographs and texts are considered and upon which the photographization of nature is contemplated. The dissertation addresses the issue of how nature is conceived and how the act of photographizing it can be defined. The methodical context of the study is composed of three thematic baskets that structure the material and which consist of narrations on Finnish national perception, nature conservation and understanding the world. In the first case nature is seen as the natural environment encompassing lakes, seashores, forests, and hills, which at the time were often perceived from a utilitarian viewpoint. By the photographization they generated a pictorial narrative that could be shared. The natural environment was thus turned into landscape by means of photography, following the global pictorial concepts picturesque and sublime, as well as the national canons that had been developed in literature and the visual arts. In the narrations concerning nature conservation, the photographization did not merely occur within the limits of presuppositions, but rather nature was given the opportunity to unfold itself. While the photograph was being established as a basis for supporting nature conservation or to highlight the destruction of nature at the hand of Man, an attempt was made to represent subjects that were difficult to convey in photographs, such as nature s power or the miracle of growth. The thesis suggests, that in the third case the concept of nature broke away from its strict interconnection with the natural environment and led to a contemplation of nature that is perceivable in a person. In this context the photograph and the photographization are interpreted as an attempt to understand a person and his or her very existence in the world, while this same existential wonder is seen as being embodied in Inha s portrait of a rune singer and in his photographs of forest interior and water. Further, the thesis asks whether photographing nature could be interpreted as an action similar to the idea of the phenomenological reduction as a means of bypassing the photographer s prevailing way of being.Tutkin vÀitöstyössÀni valokuvaaja, toimittaja ja tietokirjailija I. K. Inhan (alk. Konrad Into Nyström) (1865 1930) tuotannon avulla erilaisia tapoja merkityksellistÀÀ luontoa. PÀÀasiallisena aineistona on Inhan vuosien 1890 1925 vÀlisen ajan tuotanto, josta tarkastelen valokuvia ja tekstejÀ ja jonka avulla pohdin luonnon valokuvallistamista. Tutkimus ei ole biografinen vaan se selvittÀÀ, millaisena luontoa on ajateltu ja millaisena tekona luonnon valokuvallistaminen on ymmÀrrettÀvissÀ. Valokuvallistamisella tarkoitan valokuvaamiseen laajasti liittyviÀ tekemisen ja ajattelemisen tapoja. Tutkimuksen metodisen viitekehikon muodostavat kolme aineistoa jÀsentÀvÀÀ temaattista koria: suomalaiskansallisen, luonnon suojelun ja maailman ymmÀrtÀmisen nÀkökulmat. EnsimmÀisen kohdalla luonto kÀsitettiin tutkimusaineistossani luontoympÀristönÀ: jÀrvinÀ, merenrantoina, harjuina ja metsinÀ, joita katseltiin korostetusti hyödyn nÀkökulmasta. NiistÀ luotiin valokuvallistamisen kautta yhteisen maailman puitteita, yksityisen kokemuksen yhteistÀvÀÀ ja yhdessÀ jaettavaa kuvakertomusta. LuontoympÀristö maisemallistettiin valokuvin ylikansallisia kuvallisia konsepteja, pittoreskia ja ylevÀÀ, mukaillen ja kirjallisuuden sekÀ kuvataiteen piirissÀ syntyneitÀ kansallisaatteellisia kaanoneita seuraillen. Luonnon suojelun nÀkökulman kohdalla valokuvallistaminen ei tapahtunut enÀÀ korostetusti ennakko-odotusten ohjaamana, vaan luontoympÀristölle annettiin nyt myös mahdollisuus tulla esiin sellaisenaan. Samalla kun valokuva asetettiin luonnon suojelun tÀrkeyttÀ perustelevaksi tai ihmisen aiheuttamasta luonnon tuhosta kertovaksi argumentiksi, sillÀ pyrittiin esittelemÀÀn sellaisia vaikeasti kuvallistettavia asioita kuin luonnon voimaa tai kasvun ihmettÀ. Valokuvallistamiseen yhdistyi edelleen vahva valokuvallisen esittÀmisen autenttisuuden oletus. Maailman ymmÀrtÀmisen nÀkökulman aineisto johdatti pohtimaan luontoa myös ihmisessÀ havaittavana luontaisuutena. TÀssÀ yhteydessÀ kÀsitin valokuvan ja valokuvallistamisen yhdeksi pyrkimykseksi ymmÀrtÀÀ ihmistÀ ja hÀnen maailmassa oloaan. Sama olemassa olon ihmettely toteutui niin runonlaulajan henkilökuvassa kuin metsÀn sisuksen tai veden valokuvallistamisessa. Inhan Puro-valokuvaesseen kohdalla ehdotin valokuvaamisen toimivan erÀÀnlaisena rajauksena, jossa ihminen asettaa mielensÀ ja ruumiinsa, mielikuvansa ja tunteensa silmÀnrÀpÀyksen ajaksi syrjÀÀn. Kysyin, voisiko luonnon valokuvaamisen kÀsittÀÀ fenomenologisen reduktion idean kaltaisena tekona, keinona ohittaa valokuvaajan sen hetkinen olemisen tapa

    Factors associated with non-medical use of prescription drugs among individuals with a legitimate prescription for medical purposes : A population-based study

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    Background: Psychoactive prescription drugs are known to have abuse potential. This study was aimed at studying the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among individuals with prescriptions for anxiolytics, sedatives, or strong analgesics. We examined the association of socio-demographics, binge drinking, the number of drug prescriptions, and drug types prescribed for medical purposes with NMUPD among the general Finnish population. Methods: Data were derived from population-based (ages 15-69 years) Drug Surveys conducted in Finland in 2006, 2010, and 2014. The response rates varied between 48% and 55%. Individuals with prescriptions for one or more prescription drugs in the last 12 months were included (n = 1,602) and divided into three groups: medical use only, NMUPD, and NMUPD with illicit drug use (ILLICIT USE). Multinomial logistic regression was used. Results: Among individuals with a prescription for at least one prescription drug, 5.7% reported NMUPD. Living alone and being outside the labour force were associated with NMUPD. Younger age, living in a large city, living alone, and unemployment were associated with ILLICIT USE. Frequent binge drinking and a high number of drug prescriptions were associated with both NMUPD and ILLICIT USE. Those reporting ILLICIT USE were more likely to have a prescription for sedatives. Conclusions: Although NMUPD is on a rather low level among those who have a prescription for legitimate purposes, having multiple prescriptions increased the likelihood of NMUPD. Low socio-economic position and binge drinking are associated with NMUPD and this should be taken into account when planning interventions and preventive actions.Peer reviewe

    Balettia ja metallimusiikkia : Kokemuksia ja ajatuksia metallimusiikin vaikutuksista klassisen baletin liikekieleen ja ilmaisuun

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    Balettia ja metallimusiikkia: Kokemuksia ja ajatuksia metallimusiikin vaikutuksista klassisen baletin liikekieleen ja ilmaisuun on Lotta Lintosen kehittĂ€mistyö, jonka pÀÀaiheena on tutkia metallimusiikin vaikutusta klassisen baletin liikekieleen ja ilmaisuun. Liikkeellinen tutkiskelu kĂ€sittelee muutoksia tilan kĂ€ytössĂ€ ja liikkeen dynamiikassa. Ilmaisullisesta puolesta tarkastellaan ulospĂ€in nĂ€kyvien tunnetilojen lisĂ€ksi sitĂ€, miltĂ€ tanssijasta itsestÀÀn tuntuu. OpinnĂ€ytetyön aihe sivuaa myös klassisen baletin perinteitĂ€, niiden mÀÀrittelyĂ€ ja niissĂ€ tapahtuneita muutoksia. Klassisen baletin ja klassisen baletin perinteiden mÀÀritteleminen on hankalaa, sillĂ€ ne voivat tarkoittaa kullekin ihmiselle eri asioita. TĂ€ssĂ€ työssĂ€ Lintonen pohtii nĂ€kemyksiĂ€ siitĂ€, mitĂ€ klassinen baletti ja sen perinteet ovat tarkoittaneet hĂ€nelle ja miten nĂ€mĂ€ nĂ€kemykset ovat ajansaatossa ja tĂ€mĂ€n työn lomassa muuttuneet. Työ pohjautu tekijĂ€n omiin kokemuksiin, ajatuksiin ja pohdintaan, joita tukee lĂ€hdemateriaali. LĂ€hdemateriaalina tekijĂ€ on kĂ€yttĂ€nyt sekĂ€ tanssikirjallisuutta ettĂ€ verkkojulkaisuja.Ballet and metal music: Experiences and thoughts on the effects of metal music on the movement and expression of classical ballet is Lotta Lintonen’s development work which main topic is to study the influence of metal music on the movement language and expression of classical ballet. Movemental study deals with changes in the use of space and the dynamics of motion. On the expressive side, in addition to the outwardly visible emotional states, one looks at how the dancer feels herself. The topic of the thesis also ignores the traditions of classical ballet, their definition and the changes that have taken place in them. Defining classical ballet and traditions of the classical ballet is tricky because they can mean different things to each person. In this work, Lintonen considers views on what classical ballet and its traditions have meant to her and how these views have changed over time and in the course of this work. The work is based on the writer's own experiences, thoughts and reflections, which are supported by the source material. The writer has used both dance literature and online publications as source material
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