A fecundação vista através do desenho: conceções de alunos do 1º ciclo do Ensino Básico

A simple and sensitive method using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography (LC) with heated online desorption (SPME-LC) was developed and validated to analyze anticonvulsants (AEDs) in human plasma samples. A heated lab-made interface chamber was used in the desorption procedure, which allowed the transference of the whole extracted sample. The SPME conditions were optimized by applying an experimental design. Important factors are discussed such as fiber coating types, pH, extraction time and desorption conditions. The drugs were analyzed by LC, using a C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 mm); and 50 mmol L-1, pH 5.50 ammonium acetate buffer : acetonitrile : methanol (55 : 22 : 23 v/v) as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 mL min(-1). The suggested method presented precision (intra-assay and inter-assay), linearity and limit of quantification (LOQ) all adequate for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of AEDs in plasma

Development and application of microextraction sample preparation techniques to determine pharmaceutical drugs in the environment

A presença de fármacos no ambiente é um problema preocupante em virtude dos efeitos ecotoxicológicos conhecidos, e ainda os que continuam desconhecidos. A água é um dos compartimentos ambientais mais afetado por esses contaminantes, já que é utilizado em diversas atividades humanas. A contaminação da água afeta não somente os humanos, mas também todos os demais seres vivos que vivem ou utilizam dessa água. Por esse motivo, o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise de medicamentos em matrizes ambientais é essencial para o monitoramento desses contaminantes. Além disso, os métodos já desenvolvidos podem ainda ser aplicados para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de tratamento de água, bem como no estudo de produtos de degradação de fármacos durante as etapas de tratamento. Para essas finalidades, são utilizadas técnicas cromatográficas com detecção por espectrometria de massas para obter a separação dos compostos, permitindo a quantificação e a identificação inequívoca. Para realização dessas análises é necessário adotar métodos de preparo de amostra que possibilitem a concentração dos analitos presentes, e também, a eliminação dos interferentes presentes na matriz. Dessa maneira, nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidos 2 métodos de análise, um usando a cromatografia gasosa convencional acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS), e outro usando a cromatografia bidimensional abrangente com detecção por espectrometria de massas usando analisador do tipo tempo de voo (GCxGC-ToF/MS) para análise de resíduo de fármacos em matrizes aquosas, ambos utilizando como técnica de preparo de amostra a microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Na análise usando SPME-GC-MS foi utilizado a derivatização in situ para evitar picos assimétricos e possibilitar uma melhor separação cromatográfica. Esse método foi aplicado em amostras de rio, águas residuárias de entrada e saída de estação de tratamento (ETE) e esgoto industrial. Em todas as amostras foi possível detectar a presença dos fármacos, porém somente na entrada da ETE foi possível quantificar a presença de cetoprofeno (KET) presente na concentração de 1050 ng L-1. Já para o método SPME-GCxGC-ToF/MS, devido o alto poder de separação do sistema bidimensional, foi possível separar 13 fármacos sem necessitar de derivatização. O método foi aplicado para amostra de rio, sendo que em nenhuma das amostras não foi detectado e quantificado os medicamentos em estudo. Em ambos os métodos foi aplicado planejamento experimental para otimizar o preparo de amostra e a reação de derivatização in situ quando utilizada. Após o desenvolvimento desses métodos, uma nova vertente foi estudada com o desenvolvimento de novas fases extratoras para extração por sorção em barras de agitação (SBSE) labmade foram desenvolvidas. Cerca de 7 novas fases extratoras foram desenvolvidas, sendo mistas tendo como base uma mistura de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) com outros polímeros e/ou outro material adsorvente. Essas fases foram testadas e comparadas com a barra de PDMS comercial na extração de 9 fármacos presentes em água. A barra que apresentou melhor desempenho tinha como fase extratora uma mistura de PDMS com 30% OV-17-vinil. Além disso, uma barra de SBSE contendo 5% carvão ativo foi aplicado com sucesso na análise de fenol em urina. Além dessas novas fases, foi explorado em conjunto o desenvolvimento de novas fases extratoras para extração por sorção nas paredes do frasco (VWSE) direcionados para extração de fármacos em água. As fases desenvolvidas eram compostas por uma mistura de carvão ativo com PDMS, e PDMS com divinilbenzeno (PDMS/DVB), em diferentes proporções. Por último, um aperfeiçoamento foi realizado na técnica de VWSE. Essas modificações foram testadas na extração de compostos com caracerísticas não-polares (progesterona) e polares (cafeína), e demonstrou eficiência na extração de ambos.The occurrence of pharmaceutical drugs in the environment is a worldwide problem caused by the genotoxicity and ecotoxicity activities of those compounds. Water is one of most used natural resource in human activities which explain the presence of emerging contaminants. Those compounds affect not only humans but also aquatic animals that spend the whole life cycle in this environment. In order to monitor drugs in the environment, it is essential the development of analytical methods to analyze pharmaceutical drugs in environmental matrices. Moreover, those methods developed are useful for the development of new water treatment techniques, and analysis of drug metabolites formed during the water treatment process. To accomplish all these purposes, chromatographic methods of analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection are essential to separate the analytes, and further to identify and quantify them unequivocally. Before the analysis, the sample preparation step is fundamental to concentrate the analytes, eliminate and clean-up all the matrices interferents. Thus, in this thesis is described the development of 2 methods, one using conventional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the latter one using comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToF/MS) to analyze pharmaceutical drugs in water matrices. In both methods, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used in the sample preparation procedure. In the SPME-GC-MS method in situ derivatization was applied to improve the chromatographic separation, providing neat and sharp peaks. This method were applied to analyze river, sewage and wastewater samples. In all samples were detected the presence of pharmaceutical drugs. However, one wastewater sample from the entrance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) presented ketoprofen in the concentration level of 1050 ng L-1. GCxGC-ToF/MS method it was possible to accomplish a complete separation of 13 analytes absent of peak tailing, co-elution and degradation without a derivatization reaction. River water samples were analyzed using this method, although, in none of the compounds were present in the samples. In both methods, an experimental design was used to optimize the SPME extraction and derivatization reaction. A second phase in this study explored the development of new polymeric phases for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). About 7 new phases were developed, all phases were mixed of polidimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with other polymeric phases or with adsorptive material. All these new phases were tested and compared against the comercial version in the extraction of 9 pharmaceuticals compounds in water. The mixed polymeric phase of PDMS and OV-17-vinyl demonstrated a suitable selectivity to extract all pharmaceutical drugs in water. Also, a SBSE bar containing activated carbon 5% was applied in the analysis of phenol in urine. Also, it was studied the development of new polymeric phases applied for the vial wall sorptive extraction (VWSE) used in the analysis of drugs in water. These new phases were based on a mixture of PDMS with activated carbon, and PDMS combined with divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) in different amounts of each compound. At least, a new configuration in the VWSE was purposed. This new configuration was tested for the extraction of non-polar (progesterone) and polar (caffeine) compounds in water, and presented adequate response for both compounds

Analysis of Steroids using Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS-MS)

Direct immersion SPME-GC-MS-MS was used for the analysis of steroids in water at part-per-trillion(ppt) and lower concentrations. The method was validated and extended to real sample analysis. The method were linear from 0.01 to 5 ng/ml with precision less than 10% relative standard deviation for a steroid mixture at 1 ng/ml. Limit of quantitation and limit of detection was found to be 200- 1200 pg/L and 30-200 pg/L respectively and recoveries ranged from 88-103 %. To understand the extraction efficiency of the fiber, a depletion study was performed. The fiber/ sample partition coefficients for the steroids were determined to be 1.0 x 104 to 1.5 x 104 . The extraction was performed without derivatization or the use of an internal standard. SPMEGC-MS-MS effectively demonstrated ultra-trace level detection of steroids in water

Analysis of a microbial community associated with polychlorinated biphenyl degradation in anaerobic batch reactors

The degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was investigated under fermentativemethanogenic conditions for up to 60 days in the presence of anaerobic biomass from a full-scale UASB reactor. The low methane yields in the PCBs-spiked batch reactors suggested that the biomass had an inhibitory effect on the methanogenic community. Reactors containing PCBs and co-substrates (ethanol/ sodium formate) exhibited substantial PCB reductions from 0.7 to 0.2 mg mL-1 . For the Bacteria domain, the PCBs-spiked reactors were grouped with the PCB-free reactors with a similarity of 55 %, which suggested the selection of a specific population in the presence of PCBs. Three genera of bacteria were found exclusively in the PCB-spiked reactors and were identified using pyrosequencing analysis, Sedimentibacter, Tissierela and Fusibacter. Interestingly, the Sedimentibacter, which was previously correlated with the reductive dechlorination of PCBs, had the highest relative abundance in the RCS-PCB (7.4 %) and RCS-PCB-PF (12.4 %) reactors. Thus, the anaerobic sludge from the UASB reactor contains bacteria from the Firmicutes phylum that are capable of degrading PCBs

Optimization of in situ derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC-MS multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This paper presents the development of a procedure, which enables the analysis of nine pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) associated with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the sample preparation. Experimental design was applied to optimize the in situ derivatization and the SPME extraction conditions. Ethyl chloroformate (ECF) was employed as derivatizing agent and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) as the SPME fiber coating. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the main factors for the in situ derivatization and SPME extraction. Thereafter, a Doehlert matrix design was applied to find out the best experimental conditions. The method presented a linear range from 0.5 to 10 mu g/L, and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 16%. Applicability of the method was verified from real influent and effluent samples of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as from samples of an industry wastewater and a river.344436445Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Optimization of in situ derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC‐MS multi‐residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater

This paper presents the development of a procedure, which enables the analysis of nine pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) associated with solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) for the sample preparation. Experimental design was applied to optimize the in situ derivatization and the SPME extraction conditions. Ethyl chloroformate (ECF) was employed as derivatizing agent and polydimethylsiloxane‐divinylbenzene (PDMS‐DVB) as the SPME fiber coating. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the main factors for the in situ derivatization and SPME extraction. Thereafter, a Doehlert matrix design was applied to find out the best experimental conditions. The method presented a linear range from 0.5 to 10 μg/L, and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 16%. Applicability of the method was verified from real influent and effluent samples of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as from samples of an industry wastewater and a river344436445CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informação07/03844-4; 05/59360-