Diversification of Fish Culture and Exports among Major Shrimp-producing Countries of Asia: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Asian countries contribute nearly 90 per cent to global production of culture fisheries. Diversification of species is not happening in fish culture because of the high value shrimp commands in the export market. Shrimp farming is on the increase in all the major shrimp-producing Asian countries. Higher the growth in shrimp production, higher is the instability in production due to production risks associated with ecosystem complexities and disease incidences. Most of the shrimp-producing countries have been moving towards specialization of shrimp production for export because of the high price that the shrimp asserts in the international market. A comparison between the Asian countries for the period 1976-2002 has revealed that Malaysia has maintained low growth and low instability and higher diversification, and Bangladesh and Vietnam have diversified in fish exports. In a country-level comparison, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines have shown moderate growth in production and export of shrimp. The instability associated with their shrimp production has also been moderate. Diversification in fish production as well as exports has been suggested for assured income to farmers and the country. It has been pointed that replacing, supplementing or rotating the shrimp farming with culture of other high-value fish species like Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer), grouper (Epinephelus spp), mullets (Mugil spp) and milk fish (Chanos spp) culture may ease the risks in mono-cropping of shrimp.Agricultural and Food Policy,

A Study of Language and Literary Styles in Tamil Vidu Thoothu

Sitrilakkiyam literature originated in the period of Bhakti literature and flourished during the reign of the Nayaka kings. It was only in the 16th and 17th centuries AD that literature was mostly in manuscripts. Tamil Vidu Thoothu is a literary genre that is unique among the minor literary genres. In this literature, one of the two lovers send messengers of people or objects to the other hence, it is known as Thoothu. In this way, the "Tamil Vidu Thoothu" literature, which is considered to be ahead of its time, is about a girl who fell in love with God Somasundara of Madurai and sent Tamil as a messenger. The purpose of this article is to examine the merits of Tamil and the need to preserve the literary virtues of Tamil found in this literature

The Friedrichs Operator and Circular Domains

The Friedrichs operator of a domain (in $\mathbb{C}^n$) is closely related to its Bergman projection and encodes crucial information (geometric, quadrature, potential theoretic etc.) about the domain. We show that the Friedrichs operator of a domain has rank one if the domain can be covered by a circular domain via a proper holomorphic map of finite multiplicity whose Jacobian is a homogeneous polynomial. As an application, we show that the Friedrichs operator is of rank one on the tetrablock, pentablock, and the symmetrized polydisc - domains of significance in the study of $\mu$-synthesis in control theory.Comment: 10 page