Space Shuttle orbiter modifications to support Space Station Freedom

The Space Shuttle will be the primary vehicle to support the launch, assembly, and maintenance of the Space Station Freedom (SSF). In order to accommodate this function, the Space Shuttle orbiter will require significant modifications. These modifications are currently in development in the Space Shuttle Program. The requirements for the planned modifications to the Space Shuttle orbiter are dependent on the design of the SSF. Therefore, extensive coordination is required with the Space Station Freedom Program (SSFP) in order to identify requirements and resolve integration issues. This paper describes the modifications to the Space Shuttle orbiter required to support SSF assembly and operations

Cephalic Papillae of Giant Kidney Nematode \u3ci\u3eDioctophyma renale\u3c/i\u3e (Goeze, 1782) and Comparison with \u3ci\u3eEustrongylides\u3c/i\u3e spp.

Cephalic papillae of third- and fifth-stage Dioctophyma renale and fourth- and fifth-stage Eustrongylides spp. were found to be of three kinds in addition to the amphids. In all the stages of both genera studied, six papillae were in an internal circle, six in an external circle, and eight to 10 in two lateral fields of four or five each between the internal and external circles. Amphids were closely associated with the externolateral papillae. Another porelike papilla was found between the ventroventral papillae in all but fifth-stage D. renale. In third-stage D. renale, lateral rows of somatic papillae were spatially separated from the cephalic papillae, but in fifth-stage D. renale and fourthand fifth-stage Eustrongylides, the somatic papillae were adjacent to the cephalic papillae

Systematics of gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic ruminants: advances between 1992 and 1995 and proposals for future research

The Systematics of trichostrongyloid nematodes of ruminants provides a foundation for diagnostics and responds to the need to identify eggs in feces, free-living larvae from pastures or fecal cultures and larval or adult nematodes collected from hosts. These needs are associated with diagnostic problems or research projects. Difficulties in identifying all developmental stages of trichostrongyloid nematodes of domestic ruminants still severely limit the effective diagnosis and control of these parasites. Phylogentetic hypotheses as the basis for predictive classifications have been developed only for the subfamilies of the Trichostrongylidae. This report briefly describes recent progress in the development of improved tools for identification, phylogenetic analyses and predictive classifications. It also describes future research needed on the identification and classification of trichostronglyoid nematode parasites of domestic ruminants. Nematodes included are species of the superfamily Trichostrongloidea known to be important pathogens of domestic ruminants. The information summarized is presented by nematode developmental stage and by taxonomic groups. Eggs: While eggs of some trichostrongyloid nematode parasites of ruminants can be readily identified to their genus (Nematodirus), and some to species (e.g. Nematodirus battus), most of the important pathogens (including the Ostertagiinae and Haemonchinae) cannot be identified morphologically even to family level. However, DNA technology has been developed for determining not only the presence of specific pathogens in eggs from fecal samples, but also for estimating the percentage of the total eggs that each pathogens comprises. This new method will make possible a rapid determination of which individual animals in a herd should be treated. Larvae: The most commonly used method for identifying infective larvae is time-consuming (several weeks), unreliable for estimating intensities of individual species as components of mixed populations and requires highly-trained specialists. Available identification keys for larvae are not well illustrated and need to be augmented. Adults: Recent advances in the identifications of adult trichostronglyoids and their systematics are organized by taxonomic group. General included are Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus. Recently, the first phylogenetic analysis of the Trichostrongylidae family established monophyly for the family. A similar analysis of the Molineidae is needed. Ostertagia: Several studies of polymorphism summarized the phenomenon and listed 19 polymorphic species of Osteragiinae supported of DNA differences within and among polymorphic species of Ostertagiinae supported earlier hypotheses that the species pairs represent polymorphic species. A phylogenetic analysis of the Ostertagiinae and generic concepts are needed. Haemonchus: A key to three species of Haemonchus provides, for the first time, morphological characteristics for the microscopical identifucation to species of individual adult nematodes of either sex. The Food and Drug Administration is now requiring that results of drug trials included identification of Haemonchus to species. Cooperia: Studies using random amplified polymorphic DNA methods showed a high degree of variation within and among C. oncophora/ C. surnabada. but supported a polymorphic relationship for the species pair. A phylogenetic analysis of the Cooperiinae is needed. Trichostronglys: Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphisms (RFLPs) of genomic DNA polymorphism. However, other studies demonstrated expected species-level differences between T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods. Sequences of the second Internal Transcribed Spacer Region (ITS-2) ribosomal repeat showed sequence differences of 1.3-7.6% among five well-defined species of Trichostrongylus. This provides a standard for species-level differences within the Trichostrogylidae. Nematodirus: This origin of N. battus in the British Isles is still a mystery. Recently, DNA studies have provided evidence that populations on both coasts of the United States originated from Canada. A phylogenetic study of Nematodirus is in progress. Modern systematic methods have not yet been applied to the development of classifications for all subfamilies and most genera of the Trichostrongyloidea. Additional factors complicating these problems are a lack of knowledge of the parasites of wild bovids and cervids, the international transport of wild and domestic hosts and environmental changes that may alter the parasite fauna in a modern farm

Materiality of Nothingness: Inspiration, Collaboration, and Craft in Devised Filmmaking

If documentation is to have any value for practice, it begins by acknowledging that it is not capturing practice as objective knowledge, but according to its own craft of documentation. This article tries to document a workshop while performing a craft that attunes to the affective force of that workshop. It is also a metacommentary on documentation that performs a research role where knowledge is generated not as an articulation of practice, but as an attunement to affect through which a part of one practice unknown to another becomes embodied.Craft’s dilemma is that craft is necessary to artistic integrity but is also the basis of industrial process. The challenge is to create contexts where the artist uses their craft in new ways, augmenting that craft’s practice. We experimented with a workshop in which the philosophy of practice was that the process was always itself in process. Stories told in the moment generated scores that made performance machines that would break themselves in the process of being embodied. The processes took on their own movement, structure, momentum: moments of resonance emerged unexpectedly, from some inarticulable place. Yet if our work had value, it was in the way a collective momentum gathered to create such forces and affects.The article intersperses Sartre’s concepts of being and nothingness to explore inspiration and collaboration as ways of approaching intuition as an intending of craft that breaks being from itself and generates the materiality of nothingness—those forces and affects that lead to moments that resonate. The documenting considers the camera as a place where information is stored as well as being active in performance and suggests a form of montage to create a context between filmed machines that allows the audience to experience the breaking of them, thereby generating affective resonance

Projetos arquitetônico e estrutural de chalé com estrutura mista de concreto armado e madeira modelados em software BIM

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Engenharia Civil.Neste trabalho, com o auxílio de ferramentas BIM, foi modelado o projeto arquitetônico e concebido o projeto estrutural de uma edificação de uso residencial no estilo chalé com estrutura mista de concreto armado e madeira. Com dois pavimentos habitáveis mais um pavimento técnico para o reservatório, a edificação foi projetada em um terreno em declive localizado na cidade de Anitápolis/SC e conta com um salão, banheiro e cozinha no pavimento térreo e dois quartos mais banheiro no pavimento inferior. As áreas molhadas da edificação e torre do reservatório foram idealizados com paredes de vedação em alvenaria, enquanto as paredes das demais áreas e piso da sala foram idealizadas em Light Wood Frame. Toda a estrutura do telhado foi idealizada em madeira serrada e chapas de OSB. Os projetos arquitetônico e estrutural da edificação foram modelados em BIM com utilização do software Revit® (AUTODESK®, 2022). Os cálculos para o dimensionamento estrutural dos elementos de madeira e concreto armado no Estado Limite Último foram executados manualmente e com auxílio de planilhas eletrônicas e detalhados ao longo do trabalho. Os diagramas necessários à análise foram gerados através dos softwares FTOOL (PUC-RIO, 2017) e P-Calc (JUNIOR, S. D. C., 2013), sendo este último específico para a análise de pilares de concreto armado. A estrutura de concreto armado foi lançada também no software BIM SCIA® Engineer (SCIA®, 2022) para a análise do Estado Limite de Serviço e validação dos resultados obtidos manualmente para o Estado Limite Último

The U.S. National Parasite Collection--A Century of Service

The U.S. National Parasite Collection will complete its first century of service to the field of animal parasitology in 1992. A brief history of the collection and a description of current policies on deposit and loan of specimens are provided. The collection, started in 1892 by Charles Wardell Stiles and Albert Hassall, now includes several constituent collections: The USNM Helminthological Collection, The USDA Parasite Collection, The Hoffman-Bangham Collection of Parasites of Freshwater Fish, and The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Diseases Study Collection of Parasites of White-tailed Deer. Major personal collections have been donated by F. W. Douvres, J. H. Fischthal, A. O. Foster, A. Goldberg, E. P. Hoberg, R. Honess, R. A. Knight, D. C. Kritsky, R. E. Kuntz, G. L. LaRue, D. R. Lincicome, E. Linton, G. A. MacCallum, J. H. Sandground, L. Schultz, and H. J. Van Cleave. In addition to Stiles and Hassall, the collection has been curated by B. H. Ransom, M. C. Hall, A. McIntosh, W. W. Becklund, M. B. Chitwood, and the authors of this report. Other USDA researchers closely associated with the collection over the years include B. G. Chitwood, E. B. Cram, G. Dikmans, J. T. Lucker, E. W. Price, and E. E. Wehr. The collection includes about 90,000 lots of specimens, mostly helminths, but also significant numbers of ticks, mites, protozoans, and other miscellaneous parasites. Annually about 600- 1,000 lots are accessioned and 300-400 lots are loaned to researchers around the world

Evolution and Biogeography of Haemonchus contortus: Linking Faunal Dynamics in Space and Time

History is the foundation that informs about the nuances of faunal assembly that are essential in understanding the dynamic nature of the host-parasite interface. All of our knowledge begins and ends with evolution, ecology and biogeography, as these interacting facets determine the history of biodiverse systems. These components, relating to Haemonchus, can inform about the complex history of geographical distribution, host association and the intricacies of host-parasite associations that are played out in physiological and behavioural processes that influence the potential for disease and our capacity for effective control in a rapidly changing world. Origins and evolutionary diversification among species of the genus Haemonchus and Hae- monchus contortus occurred in a complex crucible defined by shifts in environmental structure emerging from cycles of climate change and ecological perturbation during the late Tertiary and through the Quaternary. A history of sequential host colonization associated with waves of dispersal bringing assemblages of ungulates from Eurasia into Africa and processes emerging from ecosystems in collision and faunal turnover defined the arena for radiation among 12 recognized species of Haemonchus. Among congeners, the host range for H. contortus is exceptionally broad, including species among artiodactyls of 40 genera representing 5 families (and within 12 tribes of Bovi- dae). Broad host range is dramatically reflected in the degree to which translocation, introduction and invasion with host switching, has characterized an expanding distribution over time in North America, South America, southern Eurasia, Australia and New Zealand, coincidental with agriculture, husbandry and global colonization by human populations driven particularly by European exploration after the 1500s. African origins in xeric to mesic habitats of the African savannah suggest that historical constraints linked to ecological adaptations (tolerances and developmental thresholds defined by temperature and humidity for larval stages) will be substantial determinants in the potential outcomes for widespread geographical and host colonization which are predicted to unfold over the coming century. Insights about deeper evolutionary events, ecology and biogeography are critical as understanding history informs us about the possible range of responses in complex systems under new regimes of environmental forcing, especially, in this case, ecological perturbation linked to climate change. A deeper history of perturbation is relevant in understanding contemporary systems that are now strongly structured by events of invasion and colonization. The relaxation of abiotic and biotic controls on the occurrence of H. contortus, coincidental with inception and dissemination of anthelmintic resistance may be synergistic, serving to exacerbate challenges to control parasites or to limit the socioeconomic impacts of infection that can influence food security and availability. Studies of haemonchine nematodes contribute directly to an expanding model about the nature of diversity and the evolutionary trajectories for faunal assembly among complex hosteparasite systems across considerable spatial and temporal scales

Investigation of immunogenetic risk factors for carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions

T-cell mediated hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to carbamazepine (CBZ), a commonly used anti-epileptic drug, occur only in a small proportion of patients, but can often be severe in nature. As the underlying pathomechanisms are not fully understood, it has proven difficult to predict who may be at risk of developing CBZ-induced HSRs. Recently, specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been identified as susceptibility factors for CBZ hypersensitivity in diverse populations, indicating that HLA molecules may be functionally involved in CBZ-induced T-cell activation. HLA-A*31:01 represents the latest example and has been implicated in CBZ-induced HSRs in Caucasian patients. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore the molecular interactions of CBZ with HLA-A*31:01 and drug-specific T-cells. The HLA restriction pattern of CBZ-reactive T-cells from a patient expressing HLA-A*31:01 was investigated. It was shown that CD8+ T-cells were activated in a HLA-A*31:01 dependent way. Further, HLA-DRB1*04:04 was found to be responsible for the stimulation of CD4+ T-cells, suggesting a common HLA haplotype may be involved in mediating T-cell responses to CBZ in Europeans. Next, in vitro priming of drug-naïve T-cells from HLA-A*31:01+ healthy volunteers against CBZ was attempted. Weak responses to CBZ could be detected in some but not all volunteers, indicating factors additional to HLA- A*31:01 are required to induce a primary stimulation of T-cells to CBZ. Besides, the removal of T-regulatory cells and use of dendritic cells as antigen- presenting cells seemed to generally improve priming conditions. In order to investigate whether CBZ affected the peptide-binding specificity of HLA-A*31:01, in silico and in vitro analysis were performed. In silico modelling provided a possible binding site for CBZ within the HLA peptide-binding cleft. A peptide elution study provided a preliminary indication that binding of CBZ to HLA-A*31:01 may alter the peptide repertoire presented by the allele, which could potentially result in T-cell activation. Most recently, it has been suggested that the T-cell receptor (TCR) may represent an additional predisposing factor for CBZ-induced HSRs. Accordingly, a protocol for the analysis of the TCR Vβ repertoire of drug-reactive T-cells by flow cytometry as well as CDR3 spectratyping was set up using T-cells from healthy donors primed against the model antigen SMX-NO. Both methods showed that antigen stimulation resulted in skewing of common TCR Vβ subtypes among the donors. Combined, the optimised methods will allow assessment of whether specific TCR clonotypes may be implicated in HLA- A*31:01 associated HSRs to CBZ. In summary, the data presented in this thesis provide initial evidence that CBZ is able to interact directly, through a non-covalent binding mechanism, with HLA-A*31:01 causing T-cell activation. However, it cannot be excluded that the stimulation of T-cells in vivo requires the formation of a hapten complex. Further work is needed to define other factors that are involved in predisposing an individual to CBZ hypersensitivity

Comparisons of Two Polymorphic Species of \u3ci\u3eOstertagia\u3c/i\u3e and Phylogenetic Relationships within the Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) Inferred from Ribosomal DNA Repeat and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

The first internal transcribed spacer DNA (ITS-1) (rDNA) and the mitochondrial (mt) DNA-derived cytochrome oxidase I gene (COX-1) were enzymatically amplified, cloned and sequenced from 6 nominal species of Ostertagiinae as well as Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei. The portion of the COX-1 gene analyzed was 393 base pairs (bp) in length and contained 33 within species polymorphic base changes at 28 synonymous sites. The ITS-1 rDNA consensus sequences ranged from 392 bp (Ostertagia ostertagi/Ostertagia lyrata, Teladorsagia circumcincta) to 404 bp (H. contortus, H. placei). These data were used both in a distance analysis to assess the concept of polymorphic species within the genus Ostertagia and in parsimony analysis to assess phylogenetic relationships within a limited group of Ostertagiinae. Pairwise similarity scores of both ITS-1 and COX-1 data showed the highest number of conserved sites between the proposed dimorphic species of Ostertagia. The level of similarity was lower in the COX-1 data due to the high number of synonymous base changes. Analysis by maximum parsimony of the same data did not refute O. ostertagiO. lyrata and Ostertagia mossi/Ostertagia dikmansi as dimorphic species and supported monophyly of these ostertagiines relative to representatives of the haemonchine outgroup. In the single most parsi- monious tree from ITS-1 rDNA data, a subclade of Ostertagia spp. included forms possessing parallel synlophes and long esophageal valves that typically occur in cervid hosts