The Postmodern Vision of the Warsaw Uprising in Jan Komasa’s City 44

The Postmodern Vision of the Warsaw Uprising in Jan Komasa’s City 44City 44 (2014) by Jan Komasa presents an original vision of the Warsaw Uprising – especially when compared to other historical productions. Both formal aspects of the film and the way its presents the uprising expose its postmodern character. Th e conclusion that City 44 can be interpreted by means of key postmodern concepts is based on an analysis of its visual aspects, such as scenes operating at the edge of realism and aff ectation, and aesthetic denominators taken from all genres, as well as pop culture references, intertextuality, and the subjective vision of the uprising based on the story of two main protagonists.The Postmodern Vision of the Warsaw Uprising in Jan Komasa’s City 44City 44 (2014) by Jan Komasa presents an original vision of the Warsaw Uprising – especially when compared to other historical productions. Both formal aspects of the film and the way its presents the uprising expose its postmodern character. Th e conclusion that City 44 can be interpreted by means of key postmodern concepts is based on an analysis of its visual aspects, such as scenes operating at the edge of realism and aff ectation, and aesthetic denominators taken from all genres, as well as pop culture references, intertextuality, and the subjective vision of the uprising based on the story of two main protagonists

Narracyjna złożoność współczesnego serialu telewizyjnego na przykładzie Breaking Bad Vince’a Gilligana

The Narrative Complexity of Contemporary TV Series Based on Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad The formula of the contemporary TV series, as a product of quality television, diff ers signifi cantly from the traditional series in terms of its narrative structure and ways of building a plotline. Th is article presents an analysis of  the Breaking Bad series’ “narrative complexity”, which is the most distinguishing feature of the modern TV series. “Narrative complexity” can be understood not only as a series of innovative narrative devices, such as cold opens, fl ashbacks and fl ashforwards, but is also based on the multiplicity of plotlines present in each episode, constituting a whole story over the course of the seasons. Looking at the ways used to construct a plot and the narrative techniques adopted in Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad, that is, his use of parallels and symmetries, and the plot’s focus on the development of the series’ (anti)hero, the show can be interpreted as a “result drama"and “mirroring drama”. Th rough its use of the above-listed features of “narrative complexity”, the show meets the standards for a contemporary, quality television series.The Narrative Complexity of Contemporary TV Series Based on Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad The formula of the contemporary TV series, as a product of quality television, diff ers signifi cantly from the traditional series in terms of its narrative structure and ways of building a plotline. Th is article presents an analysis of  the Breaking Bad series’ “narrative complexity”, which is the most distinguishing feature of the modern TV series. “Narrative complexity” can be understood not only as a series of innovative narrative devices, such as cold opens, fl ashbacks and fl ashforwards, but is also based on the multiplicity of plotlines present in each episode, constituting a whole story over the course of the seasons. Looking at the ways used to construct a plot and the narrative techniques adopted in Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad, that is, his use of parallels and symmetries, and the plot’s focus on the development of the series’ (anti)hero, the show can be interpreted as a “result drama"and “mirroring drama”. Th rough its use of the above-listed features of “narrative complexity”, the show meets the standards for a contemporary, quality television series

Satyra na dogmat? „Strategia przewrotności” w Dogmie Kevina Smitha

Satire on dogma? The strategy of subversion in Kevin Smith’s DogmaReligious themes which appear in the cinema in a fashion that differs from the classical view of Bible stories often become problematic for the audience, especially its more religious members, who find such movies blasphemous and sacrilegious. At the same time, it seems that the aim of many such works is not to act against religion, but rather to show the truths of faith in a new perspective. This kind of approach, described as a “strategy of subversion“ based on the affirmation by illusory negation, can be found in the way Kevin Smith created his Dogma (1999). The aim of this article is to examine those aspects of Dogma, which on the one hand undermine the dogmatic character of religion and the commercialization of the Catholic Church, and on the other, expose and emphasize the senses of faith and cultivating religion lying underneath the pop culture in a ostensibly profane form.Satire on dogma? The strategy of subversion in Kevin Smith’s DogmaReligious themes which appear in the cinema in a fashion that differs from the classical view of Bible stories often become problematic for the audience, especially its more religious members, who find such movies blasphemous and sacrilegious. At the same time, it seems that the aim of many such works is not to act against religion, but rather to show the truths of faith in a new perspective. This kind of approach, described as a “strategy of subversion“ based on the affirmation by illusory negation, can be found in the way Kevin Smith created his Dogma (1999). The aim of this article is to examine those aspects of Dogma, which on the one hand undermine the dogmatic character of religion and the commercialization of the Catholic Church, and on the other, expose and emphasize the senses of faith and cultivating religion lying underneath the pop culture in a ostensibly profane form

Lernziel interkulturelle Kompetenz – Lernangebote im Englischunterricht der Klassenstufe 9 – Eine Reanalyse der Unterrichtsvideos der DESI-Studie

Obwohl die Förderung von interkulturellen Kompetenzen von Schülerinnen und Schülern in den Rahmenlehrplänen des Englischunterrichts aller Schulformen und den Bildungsstandards fest verankert ist, gibt es bisher nur wenige empirische Forschungsergebnisse zum interkulturellen Lernen im Unterricht. Dieser Beitrag untersucht anhand einer Substichprobe der DESI-Videostudie (n=24) die thematische Ausrichtung von Englischunterricht mit interkultureller Zielstellung. In den Ergebnissen spiegelt sich eine unterschiedliche Umsetzung der interkulturellen Themenschwerpunkte in den Schulformen Hauptschule, Realschule und Gymnasium wider. Even though the development of students’ intercultural competencies is an established component of the official syllabi for English as a Foreign Language for all types of German schools and the national standards of academic objectives, only little research has been conducted on how intercultural learning is realized in the classroom. This paper sets out, by evaluating a sub-sample of the DESI-video study (n=24), to examine the content of lessons as well as the teaching approaches aimed at intercultural learning. Results of this analysis indicate a difference in the delivery of intercultural topics in the three school types (Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium).

Atherosclerosis as a problem in postmenopausal women

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is defined as a disease in which plaque, consisting of fat, cholesterol and other substances found in blood, builds up in arteries. This leads to stiffness and narrowing of the blood vessels resulting in limiting the flow of the blood rich in oxygen to tissues. The negative effect of atherosclerosis among women can be opposed by the female hormones. The aim of the article is to review clinical approach to atherosclerosis in post-menopausal women. Material and methods: Articles in the Google Scholar, Pub Med database have been analysed using keywords: atherosclerosis, plaque, cardiovascular diseases, menopause, postmenopausal women, female hormones, estrogens, older people. Results: Atherosclerosis process in the arterial walls is based on accumulation of lipids accompanied by inflammatory factors. One of the most important risk factors of this disease are quantitative and qualitative changes of the plasma lipoprotein, especially increasement of LDL cholesterol after menopause, which can be evaluated during lab tests. The diagnosis of atherosclerosis and its progress can be performed by using different methods, including physical examination and medical imaging. Development of atherosclerosis leads to peripheral artery disease connected with cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke or heart attack, which be life-threatening and should be immediately treated. Conclusions: This risk of the negative effects of atherosclerosis can be decreased by both lifestyle change and pharmacological treatment. The usage of estrogen-based hormone replacement therapy combined with statins in postmenopausal women presents benefits by the decreasement of LDL cholesterol and the increasement of HDL cholesterol and reduction of calcification of coronary vessels, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the time of the start of hormone replacement therapy is crucial – performed too late can result in additional development of atherosclerotic plaque and increasement of the inflammatory processes in the arteries with advanced atherosclerotic changes

Materialien für den Englischunterricht

Die Materialien gehen auf eine mehrjährige Lehrerfortbildungsreihe im Rahmen des Projekts "Ganz In - Mit Ganztag mehr Zukunft. Das neue Ganztagsgymnasium NRW" zurück. Dieser Praxisband [...] bündelt vier Themenfelder, die in Anlehnung an die Projektziele eine Förderung der heterogenen Schülerschaft an Gymnasien in den Fokus rücken: Diagnose und Förderung nach dem Wechsel zur Orientierungsstufe, Konzeption und Durchführung mündlicher Klassenarbeiten, Qualität von Lernaufgaben in Lehrwerken und die Evaluation von Hörverstehensaufgaben. Eine Mischung aus Materialzusammenstellungen und Kriterienkatalogen unterstützt Englischlehrkräfte mit möglichst hoher Praxisnähe bei der Planung, Durchführung und Evaluation des Englischunterrichts in der Unter- und Mittelstufe. [Neben einer Einleitung enthält die Broschüre vier Beiträge:] 1. Englisch als Kontinuum - Diagnose und Förderung nach dem Wechsel von der Grundschule zur Orientierungsstufe; 2. Mündlichkeit im Englischunterricht - Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Evaluation mündlicher Klassenarbeiten; 3. Qualität von Lernaufgaben in Lehrwerken - Analysen und Kriterien für die Bereiche Binnendifferenzierung und Kreativität; 4. Hörverstehen und Hörstrategien in Lehrwerken - Aufgabenanalysen und Kriterien. (Orig.

Co-occurrence of opioid and psychostimulant craving and negative affect during abstinence among addicted patients

Uzależnienie jest zaburzeniem, które uniemożliwia chorej osobie prawidłowe funkcjonowanie. Jego przebieg wiąże się silną potrzebą przyjmowania środków psychoaktywnych oraz brakiem kontroli w ich używaniu. Głód substancji (ang. craving) pełni kluczową rolę w uzależnieniu. Jest on odczuciem, które motywuje osobę do sięgnięcia po środek psychoaktywny. „Craving” jest konstruktem wielowymiarowym oraz indywidualnym. Do pomiaru jego psychologicznych właściwości używa się subiektywnych raportów osób badanych. Wiele badań wykazało istnienie związku między negatywną emocjonalnością a głodem u osób uzależnionych od takich substancji jak alkohol, nikotyna, heroina, metaamfetamina. Celem niniejszego badania było wykrycie związku między negatywną emocjonalnością a głodem u osób uzależnionych od opioidów i psychostymulantów w czasie abstynencji od substancji. Analiza danych, jakie zostały zebrane na próbce osób z krakowskich placówek zajmujących się leczeniem uzależnień, jedynie częściowo potwierdziła założenia badania dotyczące substancji psychostymulujących. Nie udało się potwierdzić założeń dotyczących opioidów. Grupa była bardzo zróżnicowana oraz małoliczna. Poziom głodu w badanej grupie był niski, tak samo jak poziom negatywnej emocjonalności. Badani byli dobrze funkcjonującą grupą, co świadczy prawdopodobnie o skuteczności krakowskich ośrodków terapeutycznych.Addiction is a disorder that prevents the affected person from functioning properly. Its course involves a strong need to take psychoactive drugs and a lack of control in their use. Craving for substances plays a key role in addiction. It is a feeling that motivates a person to reach for a psychoactive agent. "Craving" is a multidimensional and individual construct. Subjective reports from subjects are used to measure its psychological properties. Many studies have found a link between negative emotionality and craving in people addicted to substances such as alcohol, nicotine, heroin, methamphetamine. The purpose of the present study was to detect the relationship between negative emotionality and hunger in opioid and psychostimulant addicts during abstinence from substances. Analysis of the data that was collected on a sample of people from Krakow addiction treatment facilities only partially confirmed the study's assumptions regarding psychostimulants. The assumptions regarding opioids could not be confirmed. The group was highly heterogeneous and small in size. The level of hunger in the study group was low, as was the level of negative emotionality. The respondents were a well-functioning group, which probably testifies to the effectiveness of Krakow's treatment centers

Cognitive effects of the use of psychoactive substances. Psychedelic substances as a helpful tool in problem solving.

W XXI wieku nastąpił renesans badań nad substancjami psychoaktywnymi z grupypsychodelików. Najnowsze badania dowodzą, że w połączeniu z odpowiednią terapią, mogąone być przydatnym narzędziem w leczeniu wielu chorób psychicznych oraz przynosić ulgę wcierpieniu pacjentów. Niniejsza praca dotyczy trzech substancji z wyżej wymienionej grupy:Dietyloamid kwasu D-lizergowego (LSD), psylocybina, 4-Metylenodioksymetamfetamina(MDMA, ecstasy). Przedstawiony został zarys historyczny powstania i spopularyzowaniapsychodelików oraz to, jakie poznawcze, fizjologiczne oraz mentalne efekty wywołują wczłowieku będącemu pod ich wpływem. Następnie przywołane są badania przeprowadzone naosobach z różnymi chorobami psychicznymi, które doznały częściowej lub całkowitej remisjipo terapii połączonej z zażywaniem substancji psychoaktywnych. W tej pracy opisane sąrównież teorie twórczości, to czym ona jest oraz jak przebiega proces kreatywnegorozwiązywania problemów. W ostatnim rozdziale poruszone są kwestie, tego jak psychodelikisą wykorzystywane, żeby usprawnić funkcjonowanie poznawcze oraz jaki mają one wpływ nakreatywność i radzenie sobie.In the 21st century there was a renaissance of research on psychoactive substances from thepsychedelic group. Recent research proves that, combined with appropriate therapy, they canbe a useful tool in treating many mental illnesses. This work concerns three substances fromthe above mentioned group: D-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The historical outline of the creationand popularization of psychedelics and what cognitive, physiological and mental effects theyproduce in the man under their influence is presented. Next, the research is recalled on peoplewith various mental illnesses who have experienced partial or total remission after therapycombined with the use of psychoactive substances. This work also describes the theories ofcreativity, what it is and how the process of creative problem solving works. The last chapterdeals with how psychedelics are used to improve cognitive functioning and how they affectcreativity and coping

“Looks can be deceiving” : – Racialization, gender and power in the tv-series Rings of Power

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur den socialt konstruerade maktstrukturen ”ras” representeras inom tv-serien Rings of Power utifrån olika ras- och genusstereotyper samt normer. Därtill undersöks också hur rasifiering och rasifierade skillnader införlivas genom verkets fiktiva arter. Detta görs i syfte att förstå hur rasifierade grupper framställs i samtida, populärkulturella verk. För att uppfylla syftet med studien har metoden narrativ analys applicerats på tv-serien Rings of Power. De två teorierna intersektionalitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet, samt begreppen stereotyper, normer och rasifiering, har använts för att analysera materialet ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Rasifierade skillnader framkommer i Rings of Power genom bland annat införlivandet av stereotyper och normer; iscensättningen av dessa bidrar till dess reproduktion och förstärkning av den vita, manliga överordningen i samhället. Samtidigt lyckas Rings of Power framställa samtliga karaktärer som komplexa och dynamiska individer med multifacetterade identiteter. Vid en första anblick verkar dagens fantasyverk, i det här fallet serien Rings of Power, vara mer jämställda och jämlika på grund av en mer inkluderande representation vad gäller ras och genus eftersom antalet kvinnliga karaktärer, BIPOC-karaktärer och fördelningen av formella maktpositioner visar på en utveckling. Dock visar en närmare analys av materialet att serien återskapar flera strukturer, stereotyper och normer, vilket innebär att fantasygenrens utveckling inte är så stor som den initialt verkar vara.Our aim with this thesis was to examine the representations of the socially constructed power structure race within the tv-series Rings of Power, Additionally, the study also examines how racialization and racialized differences are incorporated through the fictional species. To fulfil the purpose of our thesis, we chose to apply the narrative analysis method on the fantasy series Rings of Power. Furthermore, the intersectionality theory and hegemonic masculinity theory, as well as the concepts of stereotypes, norms and racialization, were used to analyze the material from a gender and race perspective. The racialized power structures in Rings of Power are influenced by for example the embodiment of our stereotypes and norms. The incorporation of these contributed to the reproduction and empowerment of the white-male superiority in the society. Nevertheless, Rings of Power does succeed in presenting the characters as complex and dynamic individuals with multifaceted identities. At first glance, the contemporary works of fantasy, in this case Rings of Power, seem to be more equal as a consequence of the broad representation of race, gender and the number of women and BIPOC-characters present and their distribution of formal positions of power. However, by doing a more profound analysis of the series, one can perceive that it recreates structures, stereotypes, and norms from reality, which implies that the development of the fantasy genre is not as great as it initially may seem

Kortyzol u osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu - przegląd piśmiennictwa

Cortisol is a hormone crucial for homeostasis of the human organism. Many researchers proved the role of cortisol and its normal release rhythm in healthy individuals. It led to further investigations of the abnormalities in cortisol levels in those affected by various disorders , especially with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Autism spectrum disorder is one of these conditions which have been intensively researched due to its core and secondary symptoms. We conducted a systematic review of articles in PubMed, including papers that met the search criteria “autism” and “cortisol”. After initial selection of relevant papers, we analyzed data from 56 articles. We divided data into subcategories of studies concerning cortisol diurnal profile, basal cortisol levels, Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) and cortisol levels in reaction to certain stimuli. Data was unequivocal, however, abnormal diurnal profile, basal level, CAR or stressor response were found in many research groups. It led to suspicion that the abnormalities of cortisol release are a widely-spread phenomenon among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Very limited data from therapeutic interventions indicated more clinical than biological response. This systematic review should be a drive to action for further randomized clinical trial on larger, homogenous group of patients to obtain more thorough insight into the role of cortisol in autism spectrum disorder.Kortyzol jest jednym z kluczowych hormonów dla zachowania homeostazy w organizmie człowieka, co zostało wykazane w wielu badaniach u osób zdrowych. Zbadano również prawidłowy rytm uwalniania kortyzolu. Stanowi to podstawę do dalszych badań zaburzeń wydzielania kortyzolu w różnych schorzeniach, szczególnie tych objawiających się zaburzeniami neuropsychiatrycznymi. Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu stanowią jeden z najintensywniej badanych problemów zdrowotnych ze względu na objawy osiowe autyzmu, takie jak lęk czy zaburzenia społeczne i zachowania, jak również dodatkowe objawy, takie jak zaburzenia snu czy czynnościowe przewodu pokarmowego. Przeprowadziliśmy systematyczny przegląd piśmiennictwa w bazie PubMed, uwzględniając artykuły spełniające kryteria wyszukiwania “autism” (autyzm) i “cortisol” (kortyzol). Po pierwotnej selekcji istotnych prac, przeanalizowaliśmy 56 artykułów. Omawianie wyników podzieliliśmy na podkategorie, dotyczące profilu dobowego kortyzolu, podstawowych jego poziomów, wydzielania przy obudzeniu oraz poziomów w reakcji na konkretny bodziec. Analizowane dane były niejednoznaczne. Zaburzenia profilu dobowego kortyzolu, podstawowego jego poziomu, wydzielania przy obudzeniu oraz poziomów w reakcji na stresor stanowiły jednakże częste zjawisko wśród badanych osób z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu. Nieliczne dane dotyczące wpływu prowadzonych działań terapeutycznych wskazywały na częściej osiąganą kliniczną poprawę niż zmiany w stężeniu kortyzolu. Poniższy przegląd piśmiennictwa powinien stanowić podstawę do przeprowadzenia randomizowanych badań klinicznych na dużej, homogennej grupie, by uzyskać bardziej wnikliwe spojrzenie na rolę kortyzolu w zaburzeniach ze spektrum autyzmu