23 research outputs found

    Stability of quinine dihydrochloride in commonly used intravenous solutions

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    Factor affecting innovativeness of small and medium enterprises in the five southern border provinces

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    This study tested a model of factors affecting the innovativeness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the five southern border provinces using structural equation modeling. Data on innovativeness and its hypothesized antecedents were collected using questionnaires that were mailed to a study sample of 283 entrepreneurs in SMEs in the five southern border provinces. The fit indices showed that the proposed model had a good fit (χ2 = 207.99, df = 96, GFI = 0.92, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.064, 90% RMSEA = 0.052–0.076, NNFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.98 and SRMR = 0.051). Learning orientation and proactiveness had direct effects on innovativeness, with significant path coefficients of 0.30 and 0.63, respectively. Networking and risk-taking showed indirect effects on innovativeness with path coefficients of 0.63 and 0.48, respectively. The research results can be used to set the guidelines for entrepreneurs to build innovativeness in their enterprises by creating a learning culture/behavior in the organization, building proactiveness, creating a business network with government and the private sector, as well as having courage to take risks when there is an opportunity

    Sore Throat from Acute Pharyngitis- āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ„āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļ­āļŦāļ­āļĒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™

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    AbstractSore throat is a common health problem. The underlying cause is oftenacute pharyngitis. Substantial etiologies are viruses and Streptococcuspyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci). Differentiation of thecause of pharyngitis is extremely important owing to the need forappropriate drug treatment. Accordingly, this review article incorporatesdetails of sore throat caused by acute pharyngitis, especially infection by S.pyogenes, and strategies for pharyngitis diagnosis in communitypharmacies using clinical manifestations and clinical scoring systems.These could improve diagnostic accuracy and also reduce antibioticoveruse and drug resistance.Keywords: sore throat, pharyngitis, diagnosis āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ„āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļą āļŦāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļšāđˆāļ­āļĒ āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļ­āļŦāļ­āļĒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™ āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ§āļĢāļąāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāđāļĒāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ„āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļ­āļŦāļ­āļĒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­ S. pyogenes āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ„āļ­āļŦāļ­āļĒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđƒāļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ (clinical scoring systems) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ”āļ›āļāļą āļŦāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ„āļ­, āļ„āļ­āļŦāļ­āļĒāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš, āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļą

    Development and validation of the patient trust in community pharmacists (TRUST-Ph) scale: Results from a study conducted in Thailand

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    10.1016/j.sapharm.2007.10.002Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy43272-28

    Development of an Instrument to Measure Professionalism

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