YAC contigs of the Rab1 and wobbler (wr) spinal muscular atrophy gene region on proximal mouse chromosome 11 and of the homologous region on human chromosome 2p

powerful tool to advance the identi®cation of gene com-Despite rapid progress in the physical characteriza- plexes and of disease genes. In this respect, the analysis tion of murine and human genomes, little molecular in- of human chromosomes 16 and 19 (Nowak, 1995) and formation is available on certain regions, e.g., proximal mouse chromosomes 1 (Hunter et al., 1994) and 17 (Cox mouse chromosome 11 (Chr 11) and human chromosome et al., 1993) as well as of human and murine X chromo-2p (Chr 2p). We have localized the wobbler spinal atrophy somes is particularly far advanced (Hamvas et al., 1993). gene wr to proximal mouse Chr 11, tightly linked toRab1, On the other hand, such extensive information is not a gene coding for a small GTP-binding protein, and Glns- available for mouse proximal chromosome 11 (Chr 11) ps1, an intronless pseudogene of the glutamine synthe- and human chromosome 2p (Chr 2p) (Fig. 1; cf. Berry et tase gene. We have now used these markers to construct al., 1995; Nowak, 1995), known to share at least the genesa 1.3-Mb yeast arti®cial chromosome (YAC) contig of the for the reticuloendotheliosis oncogene (Brownell et al.,Rab1 region on mouse Chr 11. Four YAC clones isolated 1985), for a brain-speci®cb-spectrin isoform (Bloom et al.,from two independent YAC libraries were characterized 1992), and for cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (Ball etby rare-cutting analysis, ¯uorescence in situ hybridiza-al., 1994). However, comparing the segregation map oftion (FISH), and sequence-tagged site (STS) isolation and the mouse with the human cytogenetic map, a colinearmapping. Rab1 and Glns-ps1 were found to be only 20

The Act of Participating or Not: Institutional, Personal Discourses and Teacher Development

This study investigated how a small group of part-time, non-tenured language teachers, at a public university in central Mexico, responded to the opportunity of publishing their first research article. Based upon a qualitative study we explore the teachers’ discourses and the institution’s to understand the teachers’ positions towards this research project and how these teachers see their future teacher development within a specific context they share.  The purpose of the project was to encourage nontenured teachers who, within the institution, have limited opportunities and financial support to develop as researchers. The latter is based on the reality that throughout Mexico as well as other parts of the world and within many disciplines, academic publishing is a strategy used to measure professional development among university teachers. Findings suggest that carrying out research and publishing are not participants’ first priorities despite their interest in gaining tenure

Inverse Design of Solid-State Materials via a Continuous Representation

The non-serendipitous discovery of materials with targeted properties is the ultimate goal of materials research, but to date, materials design lacks the incorporation of all available knowledge to plan the synthesis of the next material. This work presents a framework for learning a continuous representation of materials and building a model for new discovery using latent space representation. The ability of autoencoders to generate experimental materials is demonstrated with vanadium oxides via rediscovery of experimentally known structures when the model was trained without them. Approximately 20,000 hypothetical materials are generated, leading to several completely new metastable V_xO_y materials that may be synthesizable. Comparison with genetic algorithms suggests computational efficiency of generative models that can explore chemical compositional space effectively by learning the distributions of known materials for crystal structure prediction. These results are an important step toward machine-learned inverse design of inorganic functional materials using generative models

Teacher Socialization of EFL Teachers at Public School Levels in Central Mexico

This study aimed at exploring the processes of teacher socialization and identity formation of nine English as a foreign language teachers at public schools in central Mexico. These teachers began their careers in the National English Program in Basic Education. Qualitative research and narrative inquiry were used as a basis for this research. The data revealed that the teachers’ socialization was somewhat informal in that little was required from them to gain entrance into the program. Once teaching, the participants dealt with challenges in their teaching contexts and the program. From these challenges, the teachers were able to make decisions concerning their future as teachers, forming and imagining their identity.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los procesos de socialización de profesores y la formación de identidad de nueve maestros de inglés en el sector público en el centro de México. Los maestros comenzaron sus carreras de docencia en el Programa Nacional de Inglés en Educación Básica. La investigación cualitativa y narrativa fue utilizada como una base para esta investigación. Los datos revelaron que el proceso de socialización de estos maestros fue informal, en cuanto se requirió poco de ellos para entrar a la profesión. Una vez enseñando, los participantes enfrentaron desafíos en sus contextos y el programa mismo y a partir de estos retos fueron capaces de tomar decisiones sobre su futuro como docentes; de este modo imaginaron y formaron su identidad

Students and teachers’ reasons for using the first language within the foreign language classroom (french and english) in central mexico

The present study explores the use of the first language in a context of foreign language teaching. This qualitative research presents the classroom practice and points of view of French and English teachers and students within a public educational institute in central Mexico using the techniques of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results show that teachers and the majority of students perceive the use of the first language as positive and part of the teaching and learning process. A small number of students do not like the use of the first language in the classroom and prefer that their teachers use the target language only. La presente investigación explora el uso de la lengua materna en un contexto de enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. Esta investigación cualitativa presenta la práctica docente y los puntos de vista de maestros y alumnos de francés e inglés en el contexto de una universidad pública del centro de México, mediante el uso de las técnicas del cuestionario y la entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados muestran que tanto los maestros como la mayoría de los alumnos perciben el uso de la lengua materna como algo positivo en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Un número reducido de estudiantes rechaza el uso de la lengua materna y prefiere que su clase de lengua extranjera sea dirigida exclusivamente en la lengua meta. Palabras clave: investigación cualitativa, puntos de vista de alumnos y maestros, uso de la lengua materna

Inverse Design of Solid-State Materials via a Continuous Representation

The non-serendipitous discovery of materials with targeted properties is the ultimate goal of materials research, but to date, materials design lacks the incorporation of all available knowledge to plan the synthesis of the next material. This work presents a framework for learning a continuous representation of materials and building a model for new discovery using latent space representation. The ability of autoencoders to generate experimental materials is demonstrated with vanadium oxides via rediscovery of experimentally known structures when the model was trained without them. Approximately 20,000 hypothetical materials are generated, leading to several completely new metastable V_xO_y materials that may be synthesizable. Comparison with genetic algorithms suggests computational efficiency of generative models that can explore chemical compositional space effectively by learning the distributions of known materials for crystal structure prediction. These results are an important step toward machine-learned inverse design of inorganic functional materials using generative models

Native-English-Speaking Teachers:Disconnections Between Theory, Research, and Practice

Native-English-speaking teachers (NESTs) have long been in demand for perceived benefits of the skills they bring to the classroom. However, the notion that native speakers provide the best models of the target language and thus make the best teachers of the language has been criticised in the literature. This article reports on the disconnection between academic literature on NESTs and the realities they report. Drawing on data from an investigation into NEST schemes globally, the article suggests that lived classroom experiences of NESTs are complex, They are also often bilingual, experienced, and qualified, and regard local English teachers (LETs) they work with as experts and in control of how English is practised in the classroom. These characteristics contrast with much of the academic literature, which explores the concept of native speakerism, which tends to view NESTs negatively. The article proposes that one reason for the disconnection between theory and practice is the parallel lives of researchers and teachers, whether NESTs or LETs. Thus, each group’s realities and concerns are not always understood by the other. The article suggests that a substantial group of bilingual and bicultural NESTs consider the country where work home, so future theorisations of NESTs and native speakerism should take account of these teachers

Host Genetic Background Strongly Influences the Response to Influenza A Virus Infections

The genetic make-up of the host has a major influence on its response to combat pathogens. For influenza A virus, several single gene mutations have been described which contribute to survival, the immune response and clearance of the pathogen by the host organism. Here, we have studied the influence of the genetic background to influenza A H1N1 (PR8) and H7N7 (SC35M) viruses. The seven inbred laboratory strains of mice analyzed exhibited different weight loss kinetics and survival rates after infection with PR8. Two strains in particular, DBA/2J and A/J, showed very high susceptibility to viral infections compared to all other strains. The LD50 to the influenza virus PR8 in DBA/2J mice was more than 1000-fold lower than in C57BL/6J mice. High susceptibility in DBA/2J mice was also observed after infection with influenza strain SC35M. In addition, infected DBA/2J mice showed a higher viral load in their lungs, elevated expression of cytokines and chemokines, and a more severe and extended lung pathology compared to infected C57BL/6J mice. These findings indicate a major contribution of the genetic background of the host to influenza A virus infections. The overall response in highly susceptible DBA/2J mice resembled the pathology described for infections with the highly virulent influenza H1N1-1918 and newly emerged H5N1 viruses

Traditional Taxonomic Groupings Mask Evolutionary History: A Molecular Phylogeny and New Classification of the Chromodorid Nudibranchs

Chromodorid nudibranchs (16 genera, 300+ species) are beautiful, brightly colored sea slugs found primarily in tropical coral reef habitats and subtropical coastal waters. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs and one of the most diverse heterobranch clades. Chromodorids have the potential to be a model group with which to study diversification, color pattern evolution, are important source organisms in natural products chemistry and represent a stunning and widely compelling example of marine biodiversity. Here, we present the most complete molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs to date, with a broad sample of 244 specimens (142 new), representing 157 (106 new) chromodorid species, four actinocylcid species and four additional dorid species utilizing two mitochondrial markers (16s and COI). We confirmed the monophyly of the Chromodorididae and its sister group relationship with the Actinocyclidae. We were also able to, for the first time, test generic monophyly by including more than one member of all 14 of the non-monotypic chromodorid genera. Every one of these 14 traditional chromodorid genera are either non-monophyletic, or render another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera Verconia and Diversidoris are nested within clades. Based on data shown here, there are three individual species and five clades limited to the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (or just one of these ocean regions), while the majority of chromodorid clades and species are strictly Indo-Pacific in distribution. We present a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. We use molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and retain a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names