Dual-task kidney MR segmentation with Transformers in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

International audienceAutosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease is a prevalent genetic disorder characterized by the development of renal cysts, leading to kidney enlargement and renal failure. Accurate measurement of total kidney volume through polycystic kidney segmentation is crucial to assess disease severity, predict progression and evaluate treatment effects. Traditional manual segmentation suffers from intra- and inter-expert variability, prompting the exploration of automated approaches. In recent years, convolutional neural networks have been employed for polycystic kidney segmentation from magnetic resonance images. However, the use of Transformer-based models, which have shown remarkable performance in a wide range of computer vision and medical image analysis tasks, remains unexplored in this area. With their self-attention mechanism, Transformers excel in capturing global context information, which is crucial for accurate organ delineations. In this paper, we evaluate and compare various convolutional-based, Transformers-based, and hybrid convolutional/Transformers-based networks for polycystic kidney segmentation. Additionally, we propose a dual-task learning scheme, where a common feature extractor is followed by per-kidney decoders, towards better generalizability and efficiency. We extensively evaluate various architectures and learning schemes on a heterogeneous magnetic resonance imaging dataset collected from 112 patients with polycystic kidney disease. Our results highlight the effectiveness of Transformer-based models for polycystic kidney segmentation and the relevancy of exploiting dual-task learning to improve segmentation accuracy and mitigate data scarcity issues. A promising ability in accurately delineating polycystic kidneys is especially shown in the presence of heterogeneous cyst distributions and adjacent cyst-containing organs. This work contribute to the advancement of reliable delineation methods in nephrology, paving the way for a broad spectrum of clinical applications

QuiPO : qui administre les EPO en prédialyse ?

International audienceErythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESA) are largely prescribed before dialysis stage to chronic kidney disease patients. In accordance to current international guidelines, lots have been made by pharmacological companies in order to improve self management of ESAs: subcutaneaous administration, pencil devices, mutidose cartridges, low injection volume, very fine needles, once a month injections but none is currently known on the percentage of patients who actually do self administration of ESAs. We conducted a simple prospective questionnaire study in different nephrology departments in France, on pre-dialysis patients. Questionnaires have been fulfilled by randomly selected French nephrologists during visits with outpatients treated by ESA. Costs have been evaluated by ESA and nurse visit direct costs in euros and compared by a Wilcoxon test. Within 6 months, 143 questionnaires of outpatients have been completed. The characteristics of the population are as followed: 53% men, mean age 66.4±16.9 y/o, 38.6% of diabetics, mean estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR by MDRD formula) 22.8±11.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2). ESAs are prescribed as follow: Aranesp(®) (50.3%), Mircera(®) (36.3%), NeoRecormon(®) (10.5%), Eprex(®) (2.1%) and Retacrit(®) (0.7%). ESA self administration concerns only 24.8% of the patients their while most of the patients (70.2%) ask a nurse for injection without any differences between ESAs (P=0.24), sex (P=0.81) or presence of diabetes (P=0.78). ESA self administration is more frequent for working patients (56.8% versus 34.7%; P=0.0002). Moreover, for 86.7% of the patients, nurse comes at home and in 60% of the cases only for this injection. Finally, 42% of the patients feel improvement as soon as a couple of hours after injection whatever ESA used (0-45 days). In addition, mean haemoglobin level is 11.4±1.3g/dL, mean ferritinemia is 229±211UI/mL. Non surprisingly, nurse injection regimen is more expensive than self injection (P=0.0016). This simple questionnaire shows that despite efforts made to improve ESA self administration, a minority of patients are in fact proceeding to ESA self administration. Asking for a nurse, does not help patient to be independent, and increases health cost. Efforts have to be made in order to help patients for ESA self administration

An open-label randomized controlled trial of low-dose corticosteroid plus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus standard corticosteroid treatment for minimal change nephrotic syndrome in adults (MSN Study).

International audienceFirst-line therapy of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in adults is extrapolated largely from pediatric studies and consists of high-dose oral corticosteroids. We assessed whether a low corticosteroid dose combined with mycophenolate sodium was superior to a standard oral corticosteroid regimen. We enrolled 116 adults with MCNS in an open-label randomized controlled trial involving 32 French centers. Participants randomly assigned to the test group (n=58) received low-dose prednisone (0.5 mg/kg/day, maximum 40 mg/day) plus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium 720 mg twice daily for 24 weeks; those who did not achieve complete remission after week 8 were eligible for a second-line regimen (increase in the prednisone dose to 1 mg/kg/day with or without Cyclosporine). Participants randomly assigned to the control group (n=58) received conventional high-dose prednisone (1 mg/kg/day, maximum 80 mg/day) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint of complete remission after four weeks of treatment was ascertained in 109 participants, with no significant difference between the test and control groups. Secondary outcomes, including remission after 8 and 24 weeks of treatment, did not differ between the two groups. During 52 weeks of follow-up, MCNS relapsed in 15 participants (23.1%) who had achieved the primary outcome. Median time to relapse was similar in the test and control groups (7.1 and 5.1 months, respectively), as was the incidence of serious adverse events. Five participants died from hemorrhage (n=2) or septic shock (n=3), including 2 participants in the test group and 3 in the control group. Thus, in adult patients, treatment with low-dose prednisone plus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium was not superior to a standard high-dose prednisone regimen to induce complete remission of MCNS

Grams ME, Sang Y, Ballew SH, et al, for the Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Predicting timing of clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and severely decreased glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int. 2018;93:1442–1451

International audienceFirst-line therapy of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in adults is extrapolated largely from pediatric studies and consists of high-dose oral corticosteroids. We assessed whether a low corticosteroid dose combined with mycophenolate sodium was superior to a standard oral corticosteroid regimen. We enrolled 116 adults with MCNS in an open-label randomized controlled trial involving 32 French centers. Participants randomly assigned to the test group (n=58) received low-dose prednisone (0.5 mg/kg/day, maximum 40 mg/day) plus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium 720 mg twice daily for 24 weeks; those who did not achieve complete remission after week 8 were eligible for a second-line regimen (increase in the prednisone dose to 1 mg/kg/day with or without Cyclosporine). Participants randomly assigned to the control group (n=58) received conventional high-dose prednisone (1 mg/kg/day, maximum 80 mg/day) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint of complete remission after four weeks of treatment was ascertained in 109 participants, with no significant difference between the test and control groups. Secondary outcomes, including remission after 8 and 24 weeks of treatment, did not differ between the two groups. During 52 weeks of follow-up, MCNS relapsed in 15 participants (23.1%) who had achieved the primary outcome. Median time to relapse was similar in the test and control groups (7.1 and 5.1 months, respectively), as was the incidence of serious adverse events. Five participants died from hemorrhage (n=2) or septic shock (n=3), including 2 participants in the test group and 3 in the control group. Thus, in adult patients, treatment with low-dose prednisone plus enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium was not superior to a standard high-dose prednisone regimen to induce complete remission of MCNS