693 research outputs found

    Alkoholin kulutuksen vaikutus henkirikoskuolleisuuteen : Aikasarja-analyysi kolmesta Pohjoismaasta

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    The article explores the statistical association between annual alcohol consumption and homicide mortality in Finland, Sweden and Norway from the early 19th century to 2013. The results show statistically significant impacts on overall and male homicide mortality in Finland and on male homicide mortality in Sweden. In Norway, we found no significant impacts. The results suggest that changes in the level of alcohol consumption have had a stronger impact on homicide rates in Finland, characterized by a heavier drinking culture, than in Norway or Sweden. The strength of the association between alcohol consumption and homicide levels seems also to vary over time and to be conditioned by economic and socio-political factors.Peer reviewe

    Henkirikosten selvittÀminen LÀnsi-Euroopassa

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    This study provides an overview of homicide clearance in four West European countries: Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, employing similar definitions and uniform coding schemes, this study allowed for unique crosscountry comparisons in factors influencing differences in homicide clearance rates. Findings based on homicides occurring in the period 2009–14 revealed overall low homicide rates in all countries, with a wide variety in homicide clearance rates, ranging from 77 percent in the Netherlands to 98 percent in Finland. Results further showed that both event-based as well as victim-based characteristics significantly influenced the likelihood of homicide clearance, suggesting that homicide clearance rates can, for a large part, be attributed to the prevalent types of homicide in each of these European countries.Peer reviewe

    Parisuhdetapot Euroopassa : Euroopan henkirikosseurannan tuloksia

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    En raison des diffĂ©rences en matiĂšre de dĂ©finitions, de sources de donnĂ©es et de procĂ©dures judiciaires, comparer les homicides perpĂ©trĂ©s dans les pays europĂ©ens n’est pas une tĂąche aisĂ©e. Face Ă  ces limites, nous avons Ă©tabli une base de donnĂ©es commune sur les homicides en Europe (EHM). La Finlande, les Pays-Bas et la SuĂšde sont les trois pays fondateurs de cette base de donnĂ©es ; toutefois, des actions ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es en vue de mettre en oeuvre cet outil dans d’autres pays d’Europe. Dans ce document, nous prĂ©sentons cet ensemble de donnĂ©es ainsi qu’une rĂ©cente analyse de l’un des types d’homicides les plus rĂ©pandus : l’homicide conjugal. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent que l’EHM, en tant que base de donnĂ©es commune, fournit une occasion unique de surveiller de prĂšs, et de maniĂšre dĂ©taillĂ©e, divers types d’homicides Ă  travers l’EuropePeer reviewe

    Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

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    A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

    MetsÀtuhot vuonna 2020

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    Valtakunnan metsien 13. inventoinnin mukaan metsikön laatua alentavien tuhojen osuus vuonna 2020 kasvoi vuoteen 2019 verrattuna noin 0,36 miljoonaa hehtaaria. Kaikkiaan tuhoja esiintyi 5,3 miljoonalla hehtaarilla. Tuntemattomat tuhot lisÀÀntyivĂ€t 0,56 miljoonalla hehtaarilla kun sen sijaan abioottiset tuhot ja taudit vĂ€henivĂ€t 0,23 miljoonalla hehtaarilla ja hirvituhot kasvoivat hieman. Koko maan tasolla lumi- ja hirvituhot ovat edelleen ylivoimaisesti yleisimpiĂ€ metsikön laatua alentavista tunnistetuista tuhoista, kuten ovat myös lahottajasienet, tuuli ja tervasroso. Maakunnittain tarkasteltuna lumituhoja esiintyy noin neljĂ€sosalla Lapin metsistĂ€ sekĂ€ suhteellisen runsaasti myös Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Kainuussa. Sienituhoista versosurma ja mĂ€nnynversoruoste vĂ€henivĂ€t koko maan tasolla, kun sen sijaan juurikÀÀpĂ€tuhot lisÀÀntyivĂ€t Uudellamaalla ja Satakunnassa, jossa myös versosurma lisÀÀntyi suhteellisesti eniten. Luke jatkoi yhdessĂ€ MetsĂ€keskuksen ja metsĂ€nhoitoyhdistysten kanssa vuonna 2012 aloitettua kirjanpainajakantojen seurantaa feromonipyydyksin EtelĂ€-Suomessa. Feromonipyydyksin tehtĂ€vĂ€n kirjanpainajan kannanseurantatulosten perusteella nk. riskiraja ylittyi yhdeksĂ€llĂ€ paikkakunnalla; Vihti, Pornainen, Asikkala, UusikylĂ€, MĂ€ntsĂ€lĂ€, MyrskylĂ€, Valkeala, LapinjĂ€rvi ja Lappeenranta. MetsĂ€keskukselle ilmoitettiin vuonna 2020 604 ha hyönteistuhon vuoksi uudistettavaa ja 155 ha harvennettavaa kuviota. Kirjanpainajakannat olivat hivenen nousussa edellisvuoteen verrattuna. Havuparikas on uusi lĂ€hitulevaisuudessa potentiaalisesti hyvinkin vakava mĂ€nnyn patogeeni Suomessa. Se on neulasissa endofyyttisesti elĂ€vĂ€ sieni, joka kykenee sopivissa olosuhteissa aiheuttamaan taudin nimeltĂ€ etelĂ€nversosurma, EtelĂ€nversosurmaa vastaan ei ole metsĂ€nhoidollisia torjuntakeinoja. EtelĂ€nversosurma voi potentiaalisesti tulla ongelmaksi paitsi metsissĂ€, myös taimitarhoilla ja edesauttaa taimien kuolemista istutuksen jĂ€lkeen. Suomessa tĂ€tĂ€ tautia tulisi aktiivisesti tarkkailla siemenviljelyksillĂ€, taimitarhoilla ja metsiköissĂ€. Tutkimusta tarvitaan selvittĂ€mÀÀn mikĂ€ yllĂ€pitÀÀ oireettomia havuparikkaan infektioita, ja jotta kyetÀÀn mÀÀrittĂ€mÀÀn ne toimenpiteet, jotka estĂ€vĂ€t oireiden kehittymisen tai vĂ€hentĂ€vĂ€t oireiden vakavuutta. Versosurmaa esiintyi mĂ€nnyn taimilla kevÀÀllĂ€ 2020 ja ahavatuhoja /neulasten karisemista havaittiin etenkin kuusen istutusaloilla VĂ€li-Suomen alueella. Vuoden 2019 ja myös 2020 havununnan feromoniansaseurannassa runsaimmat havununnasaaliit saatiin Satakunnasta. HĂ€meenlinnan ja Vantaan alueella pyydyksien saalismÀÀrĂ€t kasvoivat huomattavasti vuonna 2020. Pohjoisempana Suomessa havununnien levinneisyydessĂ€ ei havaittu muutoksia vuoteen 2019 verrattuna. SaalismÀÀrien perusteella on arvioitu, ettĂ€ havununnalla olisi pysyviĂ€ paikallispopulaatioita Kitee-Ikaalinen-linjan etelĂ€puolella. Havununnaa ei voida vielĂ€ pitÀÀ vakavana tuhojen aiheuttajana, mutta sen tuhohistorian tuntien seurantaa tullaan pitĂ€mÀÀn yllĂ€. KesĂ€llĂ€ 2020 lehtinunnan esiintymistĂ€ Suomessa kartoitettiin feromonipyydyksin tiettĂ€vĂ€sti ensimmĂ€istĂ€ kertaa laajemmin. Kartoituksen yhteydessĂ€ ei toistaiseksi tavattu yhtÀÀn lehtinunnaa. Saarnensurman aiheuttamasta tuhosta tuli Luken metsĂ€tuhotietopalvelulle aiempia vuosia vĂ€hemmĂ€n havaintoja. Luken tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Phytophthora cactorum ja P. ×cambivora -infektioiden vaikutuksia suomalaisiin koivuntaimiin. Tutkimuksessa todettiin mikrobien aiheuttavan merkittĂ€viĂ€ oireita rauduskoivulle. Mesisienituhojen ennustetaan lisÀÀntyvĂ€n ilmaston lĂ€mmetessĂ€ ja torjuntamenetelmien kartoitus on tarpeen. Mesisienet aiheuttavat juurikÀÀvĂ€n jĂ€lkeen toiseksi eniten lahoa kivennĂ€ismaiden kuusikoissa. Lukessa on kĂ€ynnistetty tutkimusta sen selvittĂ€miseksi, voisivatko sienillĂ€ yleisesti esiintyvĂ€t virusinfektiot olla yksi tekijĂ€ taudinaiheuttajakyvyn mÀÀrĂ€ytymisessĂ€. LĂ€hitulevaisuudessa mesisienituhojen mahdollisuus ja monipuoliset lĂ€hestymistavat taudin torjuntaan on hyvĂ€ huomioida niin tutkimuksellisesti kuin kĂ€ytĂ€nnön tasollakin. JuurikÀÀvĂ€n leviĂ€misen riskialueella etelĂ€isessĂ€ ja keskisessĂ€ Suomessa, noin 2,3 miljoonaa hehtaaria talousmetsÀÀ kasvaa ojitetulla turvemaalla. KivennĂ€ismaihin verrattuna turvemailla esiintyy vĂ€hemmĂ€n juurikÀÀpĂ€tuhoja. KevÀÀllĂ€ 2020 alkaneessa tutkimuksessa selvitetÀÀn sekĂ€ kantokĂ€sittelyn tehokkuutta ettĂ€ jatkuvapeitteisen metsĂ€nkĂ€sittelyn vaikutuksia lahon leviĂ€miseen ojitetuilla turvemailla. Alustavan ureakĂ€sittelyistĂ€ saadun tuloksen perusteella 32-prosenttinen urealiuos estÀÀ hyvin mĂ€nnynkantojen juurikÀÀpĂ€tartunnat turvemaalla, tehokkuuden ollessa samaa luokkaa kuin kivennĂ€ismailla. Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla havaittiin versosurmaa runsaasti mĂ€ntyjen nuorten versonkĂ€rkien ruskettumisena sekĂ€ tervasroson uutta tuhoa kesĂ€kuulta alkaen PudasjĂ€rven alueella ja Koillismaalla 2020. Koivunruostetta ja koivun lehtilaikkutautia havaittiin runsaasti koivuilla Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Koillismaalla loppukesĂ€stĂ€ ja alkusyksystĂ€. Tuoretta mĂ€nnyn versoruostetta ja kuusentuomiruostetta havaittiin hyvin vĂ€hĂ€n. Myyrien kannanvaihteluissa on maan etelĂ€puoliskossa vallinnut epĂ€mÀÀrĂ€isempi vaihtelumalli. KesĂ€n 2020 voimakkaimmin runsastuneet lajit olivat metsĂ€myyrĂ€ ja EtelĂ€-Suomessa metsĂ€hiiri, kun taas peltomyyrĂ€kannat olivat vaatimattomat. MetsĂ€hiirellĂ€ nĂ€ytti olevan kaikkien aikojen ennĂ€tysvuosi, KesĂ€n 2021 pitĂ€isi olla nousevan myyrĂ€kannan aikaa ylimmĂ€ssĂ€ Lapissa. Metsien terveys ja monimuotoisuus-katsausartikkelissa tarkastellaan keinoja luonnonhĂ€iriöiden aiheuttamien taloudellisten haittojen vĂ€hentĂ€miseksi, luonnonhĂ€iriöitĂ€ ja metsĂ€n monia arvoja, metsĂ€tuhojen ennakointia ja vĂ€lttĂ€mistĂ€, sekĂ€ metsien terveyden ja monimuotoisuuden liittoa

    Search for high-mass exclusive diphoton production with tagged protons in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    A search is presented for high-mass exclusive diphoton production via photon-photon fusion in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV in events where both protons survive the interaction. The analysis utilizes data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 103 fb−1 ^{-1} collected in 2016--2018 with the central CMS detector and the CMS and TOTEM precision proton spectrometer (PPS). Events that have two photons with high transverse momenta (pTÎł> p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass (mγγ> m_{\gamma\gamma} > 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters ∣ζ1∣ |\zeta_1| 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass (mγγ>m_{\gamma\gamma} \gt 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters ∣ζ1∣<\lvert\zeta_1\rvert \lt 0.073 TeV−4^{-4} and ∣ζ2∣<\lvert\zeta_2\rvert \lt 0.15 TeV−4^{-4}, using an effective field theory. Additionally, upper limits are placed on the production of axion-like particles with coupling strength to photons f−1f^{-1} that varies from 0.03 TeV−1^{-1} to 1 TeV−1^{-1} over the mass range from 500 to 2000 GeV

    Search for high-mass exclusive diphoton production with tagged protons in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    International audienceA search is presented for high-mass exclusive diphoton production via photon-photon fusion in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV in events where both protons survive the interaction. The analysis utilizes data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 103 fb−1^{-1} collected in 2016-2018 with the central CMS detector and the CMS and TOTEM precision proton spectrometer (PPS). Events that have two photons with high transverse momenta (pTÎł>p_\mathrm{T}^\gamma > 100 GeV), back-to-back in azimuth, and with a large diphoton invariant mass (mγγ>m_{\gamma\gamma} \gt 350 GeV) are selected. To remove the dominant inclusive diphoton backgrounds, the kinematic properties of the protons detected in PPS are required to match those of the central diphoton system. Only events having opposite-side forward protons detected with a fractional momentum loss between 0.035 and 0.15 (0.18) for the detectors on the negative (positive) side of CMS are considered. One exclusive diphoton candidate is observed for an expected background of 1.1 events. Limits at 95% confidence level are derived for the four-photon anomalous coupling parameters ∣ζ1∣<\lvert\zeta_1\rvert \lt 0.073 TeV−4^{-4} and ∣ζ2∣<\lvert\zeta_2\rvert \lt 0.15 TeV−4^{-4}, using an effective field theory. Additionally, upper limits are placed on the production of axion-like particles with coupling strength to photons f−1f^{-1} that varies from 0.03 TeV−1^{-1} to 1 TeV−1^{-1} over the mass range from 500 to 2000 GeV

    Nonresonant central exclusive production of charged-hadron pairs in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

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    International audienceThe central exclusive production of charged-hadron pairs in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13\TeV is examined, based on data collected in a special high-ÎČ∗\beta^* run of the LHC. The nonresonant continuum processes are studied with the invariant mass of the centrally produced two-pion system in the resonance-free region, mπ+π−m_{\pi^+\pi^-}<\lt 0.7 GeV or mπ+π−m_{\pi^+\pi^-}>\gt 1.8 GeV. Differential cross sections as functions of the azimuthal angle between the surviving protons, squared exchanged four-momenta, and mπ+π−m_{\pi^+\pi^-} are measured in a wide region of scattered proton transverse momenta, between 0.2 and 0.8 GeV, and for pion rapidities ∣y∣\lvert y\rvert<\lt 2. A rich structure of interactions related to double-pomeron exchange is observed. A parabolic minimum in the distribution of the two-proton azimuthal angle is observed for the first time. It can be interpreted as an effect of additional pomeron exchanges between the protons from the interference between the bare and the rescattered amplitudes. After model tuning, various physical quantities are determined that are related to the pomeron cross section, proton-pomeron and meson-pomeron form factors, pomeron trajectory and intercept, and coefficients of diffractive eigenstates of the proton

    Search for central exclusive production of top quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV with tagged protons

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    International audienceA search for the central exclusive production of top quark-antiquark pairs (ttˉ\mathrm{t\bar{t}}) is performed for the first time using proton-tagged events in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 29.4 fb−1^{-1}. The ttˉ\mathrm{t\bar{t}} decay products are reconstructed using the central CMS detector, while forward protons are measured in the CMS-TOTEM precision proton spectrometer. An observed (expected) upper bound on the production cross section of 0.59 (1.14) pb is set at 95% confidence level, for collisions of protons with fractional momentum losses between 2 and 20%
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