Two new species and a new distributional record of Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from southeastern Brazil

The genus Alterosa Blahnik (2005), with 39 extant species, is endemic to Atlantic Forest areas of southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate two new species from Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Alterosa cornuta sp. nov., easily diagnosed by the horn-like intermediate appendages crossing each other, and A. araras sp. nov., recognized mainly by the extremely developed basodorsal protuberance on tergum X and by the rod-like, mesally curved preanal appendages, with at least 2 stout spine-like setae positioned at mid length and with the apex cupped. Additionally, a new distributional record for Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, is provided for Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005)

Tricópteros (Insecta: Trichoptera) do Estado do Rio De Janeiro: Lista de Espécies e Novos Registros

A list of the species of Trichoptera from Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, is presented. The list was based on a survey of the literature and examination of the entomological collection Prof. José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, located at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, in Departamento de Zoologia (DZRJ), including 117 species, with 20 new occurrences for the State. Reports about species bibliography contents were also included as well as available municipalities species distributional data.Uma lista das espécies de Trichoptera do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil, é apresentada. A lista foi preparada com base em estudo da literatura e exame da coleção entomológica Prof. José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, alocada na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, no Departamento de Zoologia (DZRJ), possuindo 117 espécies, com 20 novos registros para o estado. Informações sobre o conteúdo da bibliografia acerca das espécies também foram incluídas, assim como dados disponíveis sobre a distribuição de cada espécie em relação aos municípios

Integrative taxonomy supports two new species of Chimarra Stephens, 1829 from Brazil (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

Chimarra Stephens, 1829 is the largest genus of the Philopotamidae with about 930 species and cosmopolitan distribution. Recent taxonomic revisions have subdivided the genus into four subgenera: Chimarra, Curgia Walker, 1860, Chimarrita Blahnik, 1997, and Otarrha Blahnik, 2002, the last three restricted to the New World. In this paper, we describe and illustrate two new species of Chimarra from Brazil, C. (Otarrha) paraodonta sp. nov. from Rio de Janeiro State and C. (Chimarrita) truncata sp. nov. from Amazonas and Pará states. Partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, DNA barcodes) were generated and integrated with morphological evidence to delimit the new species and evaluate their phylogenetic relationships within the genus. A maximum likelihood analysis of 48 COI sequences representing 19 species of Chimarra corroborated their subgeneric assignment based on morphology and highlighted their putative sister species. Both new species showed high K2P divergences when compared to their sister species: Chimarra (O.) paraodonta sp. nov. and C. (O.) odonta (17.4–21.3%) and Chimarra (C.) truncata sp. nov. and C. (C.) simpliciforma (20.0–21.3%). These distances are comparable to the range of interspecific distances calculated for the whole genus (13.6–22.7%), adding support to their description as new species. This analysis was especially important because of the high morphological similarity of C. paraodonta sp. nov. and C. odonta. Finally, analysis of the sequences of Chimarra odonta suggests that the nominal species may represent a complex of cryptic species with high intraspecific divergences (up to 18.1%), with at least two of those lineages co-occurring with C. paraodonta sp. nov. at Parque Nacional do Itatiaia

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

A new species of the genus Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotaminae) from Southeastern Brazil

Philopotamidae is a large caddisfly family with 20 extant genera comprising about 1 000 described species worldwide. Alterosa contains 22 described species distributed in South and Southeastern Brazil. Adults of the genus are very similar in general structure, but are remarkable for their wide variation in male genitalic morphology. The specimens were collected with Pennsylvania light traps and preserved in 80% ethanol. Alterosa nessimiani sp. nov. is described and figured from male specimens collected in streams of Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern Brazil. The new species is closely related to A. jordaensis Blahnik 2005, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of two spines on the intermediate appendages and by the shape of tergum X.Philopotamidae es una familia grande de tricópteros la cual está actualmente compuesta por 20 géneros y cerca de 1 000 especies descritas en todo el mundo. El género Alterosa posee 22 especies descritas y están distribuidas en el sur y sureste de Brasil. Los adultos del género son 580 muy similares en su estructura general, pero se diferencian por su amplia variación presente en la morfología de la genitalia masculina. Los ejemplares fueron recolectados en trampas luminosas Pennsylvania y conservados en etanol al 80%. Alterosa nessimiani sp. nov. es descrita e ilustrada basada en ejemplares machos recolectados en el estado de Río de Janeiro, sureste de Brasil. La nueva especie es similar a A. jordaensis Blahnik, 2005, pero puede ser diferenciada por la presencia de dos espinas en los apéndices intermediarios y por la forma del tergo X. Palabras clave

Alterosa graciosa Dumas & Nessimian, 2013, new species

Alterosa graciosa, new species Fig. 7 A–D Alterosa graciosa sp. nov. cannot be easily placed in any of the species groups defined by Blahnik (2005). Together with A. inappendiculata sp. nov., it is unusual among other species of the genus by the lack of intermediate appendages. The new species can be easily diagnosed by the presence of a paired basoventral spine-like projection on tergum X. The club-like preanal appendages, the mesally paired bristle-like setae of tergum X, and the paired long, dark spines on phallobase wall are also useful diagnostic characters. Adult. Color (in alcohol) brown; legs, palps, and antennae pale brown, wing pattern not discernible. Male forewings each 5.8–6.4 mm (n= 4); female 6.4 mm (n= 1). Male genitalia. Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin scarcely or not emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin produced, extending in a broad arc or almost linearly from dorsum (Fig. 6 A). Tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X (Fig. 6 B). Tergum X tapered from base, wider basally, apical half with subparallel margins, converging apically; tergum with basoventral paired spine-like projection, apex turned inward, almost touching each other; at mid length with erect, paired bristle-like setae; apex sensillate, rounded as viewed dorsally, rounded and greatly enlarged in lateral view (Fig. 7 A, 7 B). Intermediate appendages apparently absent (Fig. 7 A, 7 B). Preanal appendages elongate, club-like, covered with stiff, small setae and short, spine-like setae on apical third, rounded at apex (Fig. 7 A, 7 B). Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; 1 st article, in lateral view, approximately 2 times as long as wide; 2 nd article shorter than 1 st article, base narrower than apex of 1 st article, slightly enlarged apically; apex rounded, with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae (Fig. 7 A, 7 C). Phallobase tubular, short, linear, with paired long, dark spines on external surface of phallobase wall; endotheca with paired short spines; phallotremal sclerites indistinct (Fig. 7 D). Holotype male: BRAZIL: Paraná: Morretes, Serra da Graciosa, Rio Grota Funda, 25 ° 20 ’ 26.1 ”S, 48 ° 53 ’ 41.2 ”W, el. 657 m, 24.i. 2011, LL Dumas & APM Santos leg. (DZRJ 3485). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Paraná: Same data as holotype, 3 males, 1 female (DZRJ 3486). Distribution: Brazil (Paraná state). Etymology: The epithet of the specific name, graciosa, refers to Serra da Graciosa, a beautiful mountainous region of Atlantic Forest where the type specimens were collected.Published as part of Dumas, Leandro Lourenço & Nessimian, Jorge Luiz, 2013, New species of the caddisfly genus Alterosa Blahnik 2005 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae: Philopotaminae) from Brazil in Zootaxa 3609 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21770