What causes the inverse relationship between primary production and export efficiency in the Southern Ocean?

The ocean contributes to regulating atmospheric CO2 levels, partly via variability in the fraction of primary production (PP) which is exported out of the surface layer (i.e. the e-ratio). Southern Ocean studies have found that, contrary to global scale analyses, an inverse relationship exists between e-ratio and PP. This relationship remains unexplained, with potential hypotheses being i) large export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in high PP areas, ii) strong surface microbial recycling in high PP regions and/ or iii) grazing mediated export varies inversely with PP. We find that the export of DOC has a limited influence in setting the negative e-ratio/PP relationship. However, we observed that at sites with low PP and high e-ratios, zooplankton mediated export is large and surface microbial abundance low suggesting that both are important drivers of the magnitude of the e-ratio in the Southern Ocean

How king penguins advertise their sexual maturity

Reproductive success can improve with experience, which increases with age in many long-lived species. Signals that provide reliable information about age are therefore of importance for mate choice and consequently are under sexual selection. In birds, these are often vocal signals as well as visual signals in the form of plumage coloration. King penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, are sexually monomorphically ornamented seabirds that perform a complex visual and acoustic courtship display. Coloured beak spots and ear patches contain information about the condition and physiological status of adult males and females, but their role as a signal of age has previously only been studied in young birds. Vocalizations have mainly been studied as signals of individuality and not in the context of courtship. We investigated two multicomponent signals in the context of mate choice by analysing beak spot, ear patch and call parameters of wild king penguins. We explored the relation between these signals and age as well as age classes (chicks, juveniles, adults). Ornament parameters were weakly correlated with in males, but not in females, while acoustic parameters were highly correlated with age in both sexes. The calls' fundamental frequency and energy parameters and all the beak spot parameters reliably classified individuals into their age class. Since age class was redundantly encoded in both acoustic and colour parameters, we hypothesize that calls and ornaments function as back-up signals that increase the chance of accurately conveying the age class of the sender to receivers. King penguins might sequentially analyse age class signals during courtship, where acoustic signals serve as long-range communication when sender and receiver are out of sight, and ornamentation signals become important at close range. We show the importance of considering bimodal, multicomponent signals when studying complex behaviour and discuss how signalling environment, the species’ life history and mating system influence the evolution of communication signals

King penguin ornamentation and acoustics

King penguins are sexually monomorphically ornamented seabirds that perform a complex visual and acoustic courtship display. Coloured beak spots and ear patches contain information about the condition and physiological status of adult males and females, but their role as a signal of age has previously only been studied in young birds. Vocalizations have mainly been studied as signals of individuality and not in the context of courtship. We investigate two multicomponent signals in the context of mate choice by analysing beak spot, ear patch, and call parameters of wild king penguins. We explore the relation between those signals and age as well as age-classes (chicks, juveniles, adults). Ornament parameters were weakly correlated to continuous age in males, but not in females, while acoustic parameters were highly correlated to continuous age in both sexes. The calls' fundamental frequency and energy parameters, and all the beak spot parameters reliably classified individuals into their age-class. Since age-class was redundantly encoded in both acoustic and colour parameters, we hypothesize that calls and ornaments function as back-up signals that increase the chance of accurately conveying the age-class of the sender to receivers. King penguins might sequentially analyse age-class signals during courtship, where acoustic signals serve as long-range communication when sender and receiver are out of sight, and ornamentation signals become important at close range. We show the importance of considering bimodal, multicomponent signals when studying complex behaviour and discuss how signalling environment, the species' life-history and mating system influence the evolution of communication signals

Is intravenously administered, subdissociative-dose KETAmine non-inferior to MORPHine for prehospital analgesia (the KETAMORPH study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Acute pain is a common condition among prehospital patients and prompt management is pivotal. Opioids are the most frequently analgesics used in the prehospital setting. However, opioids are highly addictive, and some patients may develop opioid dependence, even when they are exposed to brief opioid treatments. Therefore, alternative non-opioid analgesia should be developed to manage pain in the prehospital setting. Used at subdissociative doses, ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate and glutamate receptor antagonist, provides analgesic effects accompanied by preservation of protective airway reflexes. In this context, we will carry out a randomized controlled, open-label, multicenter trial to compare a subdissociative dose of ketamine to morphine to provide pain relief in the prehospital setting, in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic pain. Methods/design This will be a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Consecutive adults will be enrolled in the prehospital setting if they experience moderate to severe, acute, non-traumatic and traumatic pain, defined as a numeric rating scale score greater or equal to 5. Patients will be randomized to receive ketamine or morphine by intravenous push. The primary outcome will be the between-group difference in mean change in numeric rating scale pain scores measured from the time before administration of the study medication to 30 min later. Discussion This upcoming randomized clinical trial was design to assess the efficacy and safety of ketamine, an alternative non-opiate analgesia, to manage non-traumatic and traumatic pain in the prehospital setting. We aim to provide evidence to change prescribing practices to reduce exposition to opioids and the subsequent risk of addiction. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03236805. Registered on 2 August 2017

Ketamine Compared With Morphine for Out-of-Hospital Analgesia for Patients With Traumatic Pain

International audienceImportance : Pain is a common out-of-hospital symptom among patients, and opioids are often prescribed. Research suggests that overprescribing for acute traumatic pain is still prevalent, even when limits restricting opioid prescriptions have been implemented. Ketamine hydrochloride is an alternative to opioids in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Objective : To assess the noninferiority of intravenous ketamine compared with intravenous morphine sulfate to provide pain relief in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Design, Setting, and Participants : The Intravenous Subdissociative-Dose Ketamine Versus Morphine for Prehospital Analgesia (KETAMORPH) study was a multicenter, single-blind, noninferiority randomized clinical trial comparing ketamine hydrochloride (20 mg, followed by 10 mg every 5 minutes) with morphine sulfate (2 or 3 mg every 5 minutes) in adult patients with out-of-hospital trauma and a verbal pain score equal to or greater than 5. Enrollment occurred from November 23, 2017, to November 26, 2022, in 11 French out-of-hospital emergency medical units. Interventions : Patients were randomly assigned to ketamine (n = 128) or morphine (n = 123). Main Outcomes and Measures : The primary outcome was the between-group difference in mean change in verbal rating scale pain scores measured from the time before administration of the study drug to 30 minutes later. A noninferiority margin of 1.3 was chosen. Results : A total of 251 patients were randomized (median age, 51 [IQR, 34-69] years; 111 women [44.9%] and 140 men [55.1%] among the 247 with data available) and were included in the intention-to-treat population. The mean pain score change was −3.7 (95% CI, −4.2 to −3.2) in the ketamine group compared with −3.8 (95% CI, −4.2 to −3.4) in the morphine group. The difference in mean pain score change was 0.1 (95% CI, −0.7 to 0.9) points. There were no clinically meaningful differences for vital signs between the 2 groups. The intravenous morphine group had 19 of 113 (16.8% [95% CI, 10.4%-25.0%]) adverse effects reported (most commonly nausea [12 of 113 (10.6%)]) compared with 49 of 120 (40.8% [95% CI, 32.0%-49.6%]) in the ketamine group (most commonly emergence phenomenon [24 of 120 (20.0%)]). No adverse events required intervention. Conclusions and Relevance : In the KETAMORPH study of patients with out-of-hospital traumatic pain, the use of intravenous ketamine compared with morphine showed noninferiority for pain reduction. In the ongoing opioid crisis, ketamine administered alone is an alternative to opioids in adults with out-of-hospital traumatic pain. Trial Registration : ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0323680

Practical management of patients on Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) therapy: Practical fact sheets drawn up by the Rheumatism and Inflammation Club (CRI), a group endorsed by the French Society for Rheumatology (SFR)

International audienc

Acceptation sociale et développement des territoires

Der Begriff der sozialen Akzeptanz, der in den Humanwissenschaften bisher wenig formalisiert wurde, ist dennoch allgegenwärtig in der Territorialentwicklungsplanung. Verträglichkeitsprüfungen, partizipative Politik, die Suche nach einer guten territorialen Governance und nach sozialer Nachhaltigkeit in den öffentlichen Entscheidungen versuchen alle durch engere Mitwirkung der Beteiligten bei der territorialen Umgestaltung den Widerstand der Zivilgesellschaft bei (Groß) Projekten zu reduzieren. Allerdings können diese Instrumente nicht auf technische oder institutionelle Maßnahmen reduziert werden die automatisch eine bessere Akzeptanz der Projekte garantieren. Viele subjektive Komponenten bedingen die Aufnahme von sozialen Innovationen und den Wandel der Mentalitäten die sie zur Folge haben. Dieses Buch soll daher die Akzeptanzkriterien von Territorialentwicklungsprojekten beleuchten. Mit einem deutsch-französischen Vergleich einer Reihe von analytischen Methoden die die Autoren mehr oder weniger zeitgleich angewendet haben wird versucht die visuellen Dimension der Projekte, den Machtbeziehungen oder der Repräsentationen von spezifisch Praktiken von Territorien zu beleuchten. Diese Sichtbarmachung kann Forschern und Praktikern helfen die Spannungen und sozialen Konflikte bei Plaungsprozessen besser zu verstehen.The notion of social acceptance, though weakly conceptualized in the field of social sciences is, however, omnipresent in spatial planning policies. Impact assessments, participative policies, the search for good local and regional governance practices as well as social sustainability in public decision-making are all approaches that implicitly aim at reducing civil society dissent against development projects therefore, at improving social acceptance through closer involvement in the processes of spatial change. Notwithstanding, these mechanisms should not be understood as limited only to technical and institutional measures that would automatically ensure better adherence to projects. Many subjective components rule the social approval of innovations, and the resulting attitudes towards them. This work, therefore, seeks to explore the acceptability criteria of spatial development projects. Using a stimulating Franco-German comparative approach, the authors develop a wide range of analytical methods that question, in particular, the visual dimension of projects, the inter-personal relationships for power-sharing and the representations and practices of space, all levers which may help researchers and territorial experts better understand tensions and social conflicts.La notion d’acceptation sociale, qui reste peu formalisée par la recherche en sciences humaines, est pourtant omniprésente dans les politiques de développement des territoires. Les études d’impact, les politiques participatives, la quête d’une bonne gouvernance territoriale ou d’une durabilité sociale dans la décision publique sont des démarches qui visent toutes, implicitement, à réduire les contestations de la part de la société civile face aux projets de développement, donc à améliorer l’acceptation sociale par une association plus étroite aux processus de transformation du territoire. Cependant, ces dispositifs ne sauraient se réduire à des mesures d’ordre technique et institutionnel qui garantiraient automatiquement une meilleure adhésion aux projets. De nombreuses composantes subjectives régissent la réception sociale des innovations ainsi que les attitudes qui en résultent. Cet ouvrage vise donc à mettre en lumière les critères d’acceptabilité des projets de développement territorial. Dans une approche comparative franco-allemande stimulante, les auteurs développent toute une série de méthodes d’analyse qui interrogent, notamment, la dimension visuelle des projets, les rapports interpersonnels de pouvoir ou encore les représentations et pratiques du territoire, autant de leviers dont l’identification peut aider les chercheurs comme les praticiens du territoire à mieux comprendre les tensions et conflits sociaux

Remote sensing of emperor penguin abundance and breeding success

Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are under increasing environmental pressure. Monitoring colony size and trends of this Antarctic seabird relies primarily on satellite imagery recorded near the end of the breeding season, when illumination levels are sufficient to capture images, but colony occupancy is highly variable. To correct population estimates for this variability, we develop a phenological model that accurately predicts the number of breeding pairs and fledging chicks, as well as key phenological events such as arrival, hatching and foraging times, from as few as six data points from a single season. The ability to extrapolate occupancy from sparse data makes the model particularly useful for monitoring remotely sensed animal colonies where ground-based population estimates are very rare or unavailable. Teaser The Emperor penguin becomes the Southern Ocean's canary in a coal mine through remote sensing its annual breeding success

Remote sensing of emperor penguin abundance and breeding success

Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are under increasing environmental pressure. Monitoring colony size and population trends of this Antarctic seabird relies primarily on satellite imagery recorded near the end of the breeding season, when light conditions levels are sufficient to capture images, but colony occupancy is highly variable. To correct population estimates for this variability, we develop a phenological model that can predict the number of breeding pairs and fledging chicks, as well as key phenological events such as arrival, hatching and foraging times, from as few as six data points from a single season. The ability to extrapolate occupancy from sparse data makes the model particularly useful for monitoring remotely sensed animal colonies where ground-based population estimates are rare or unavailable.Peer reviewe