169 research outputs found

    Étude d'Ă©coulements transitionnels et hors Ă©quilibre par des approches DNS et RANS.

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    Le dĂ©crochage est un phĂ©nomĂšne aĂ©rodynamique instationnaire susceptible d'apparaĂźtre sur de nombreux profils aĂ©rodynamiques. Il rĂ©sulte d'un dĂ©collement important de l'Ă©coulement vis-Ă -vis de la paroi de l'aile et dĂ©grade considĂ©rablement les performances de vol. Sur certains profils de pales d'hĂ©licoptĂšres, d'Ă©oliennes ou de rotors, ce phĂ©nomĂšne se produit dans des conditions d'utilisation normales et justifie la recherche de mĂ©thodes de modĂ©lisation accessibles industriellement. Le dĂ©crochage est initiĂ© au bord d'attaque par l'apparition d'une petite rĂ©gion de recirculation de fluide appelĂ©e bulbe de dĂ©collement laminaire oĂč l'Ă©coulement transitionne de l'Ă©tat laminaire vers l'Ă©tat turbulent. Ce phĂ©nomĂšne encore mal connu met en jeu transition et Ă©coulements hors Ă©quilibre auxquels les outils de modĂ©lisation RANS habituellement employĂ©s ne sont pas adaptĂ©s. Dans cette Ă©tude, un bulbe transitionnel typique d'un Ă©coulement de bord d'attaque de pale d'hĂ©licoptĂšre (profil OA209 Ă  un nombre de Reynolds Rec=1.8x106 et 15 d'incidence) est isolĂ© sur une plaque plane. Une simulation DNS de cet Ă©coulement est rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  l'aide du logiciel FUNk de l'ONERA afin de servir de base de donnĂ©es pour l'amĂ©lioration des modĂšles RANS. L'Ă©volution des bilans de l'Ă©quation de transport de l'Ă©nergie cinĂ©tique turbulente ainsi que les principales hypothĂšses RANS (isotropie de la turbulence, Boussinesq, Ă©quilibre production/dissipation) sont analysĂ©es. Une Ă©tude des principaux modĂšles RANS dĂ©veloppĂ©s dans le logiciel elsA de l'ONERA est ensuite rĂ©alisĂ©e en pondĂ©rant les grandeurs turbulentes par une fonction de transition reproduisant l'intermittence de la turbulence. Le modĂšle k- de Wilcox couplĂ© Ă  une fonction de transition optimisĂ©e a donnĂ© les rĂ©sultats les plus proches de la DNS et a donc Ă©tĂ© l'objet d'une analyse plus approfondie, notamment une Ă©valuation des principales Ă©quations bilans et une application de ce modĂšle et de sa mĂ©thode de transition Ă  un cas de transition naturelle de plaque plane.The stall is an unsteady aerodynamic phenomenon that may occur on many aerodynamic profiles. It consists in a large separation of the flow from the wall of the wing and significantly deteriorates the flight performances. On some blade profiles such as helicopters, turbines or rotors, this phenomenon occurs under normal conditions of use and justifies the research of industrially accessible modeling methods. The stall is initiated at the leading edge by the appearance of a small region of fluid recirculation called a laminar separation bubble where the flow transitions from the laminar to the turbulent state. This still poorly understood phenomenon involves transition and non-equilibrium flows for which commonly used RANS modeling tools are not suitable. In this study, a transitional bubble typical of an helicopter leading edge flow (OA209 profile at a Reynolds number Rec=1.8x106 and 15 of incidence) is reproduced on a flat plate. A DNS simulation of this flow is performed using the ONERA FUNk software to serve as a database for RANS models improvements. The evolution of turbulent kinetic energy budgets as well as the main RANS assumptions (isotropy of turbulence, Boussinesq hypothesis, production/dissipation balance) are analyzed. The main RANS models developed in the ONERA elsA software are then studied by weighting the turbulent quantities with a transition function reproducing the intermittency of the turbulence. The k- Wilcox model coupled with an optimized transition function gave the best results and was therefore kept for a more in-depth analysis, including an assessment of the main budgets and an application of this model and its transition method to a natural transition test case on a flat plate.PARIS-Arts et MĂ©tiers (751132303) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Résultats significatifs en Franche-Comté pour les années 2008-2010

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    PrĂ©histoire et Protohistoire PalĂ©olithique Dans son programme de prospection thĂ©matique intitulĂ© « Le PalĂ©olithique infĂ©rieur et moyen du nord de la Franche-Comté », A. Lamotte a poursuivi ses sondages et ses Ă©tudes de terrain sur trois gisements de plein air situĂ©s sur les affleurements de silex lacustres du bassin oligocĂšne infĂ©rieur de Haute-SaĂŽne : Sauvigney-lĂšs-Gray « À la CorvĂ©e de la Vierge » (2008), Vautoux-et-Longevelle/Villiers-Chemin-Mont-les-Étrelles « Le Bois de la Coupotte, les ..

    Caractérisation des dommages au choc de composites stratifiés aéronautiques : application à la chute d'objets

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    International audienceCette étude porte sur la caractérisation des dommages de plaques stratifiées carbone/époxy suite à un impact basse vitesse. Les stratifiés étudiés sont constitués de nappes pré-imprégnées unidirectionnelles superposées de M21/T700GC. Les essais ont été réalisés en faisant varier masse de l'impacteur et hauteur de chute en conservant pour chaque essai, un niveau d'énergie identique recommandée par la norme aéronautique. L'instrumentation de l'essai ainsi que l'analyse multi physique réalisée sur les plaques impactées ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'endommagements du matériau stratifié testé. En effet, ont été couplés accéléromÚtre, caméra rapide et jauges de déformations pour les mesures pendant l'essai. Une étude thermographique et une analyse aux ultrasons des plaques impactées ont révélés la localisation des endommagements dans les différents stratifiés testés. A niveau d'énergie initiale constante, les plaques testées avec la masse la plus importante sont trÚs largement endommagées par rapport aux plaques impactées avec une faible masse

    Nephrops norvegicus in the Adriatic Sea: Connectivity modeling essential fish habitats and management area network

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    AbstractKnowledge of connectivity among subpopulations is fundamental in the identification of the appropriate geographical scales for stock status evaluation and management, the identification of areas with greater retention rates, and space‐based fisheries management. Here, an integration of hydrodynamic, biological, and habitat models results is used to assess connectivity and support the definition of essential fish habitats (EFH) in the Adriatic Sea, with reference to Nephrops norvegicus, an important benthic commercial resource, the recruitment of which is strongly related to larval dispersal from spawning to recruitment areas. We explored oceanographic and biological connectivity in the Adriatic Sea under a wide and representative variety of oceanographic conditions (winters 2006–2012) by tracking 3D trajectories of larvae released from different areas. We used a Lagrangian model that features a specific larval behavior module with explicit dependence on environmental parameters (i.e., temperature and sediment type) and that is driven by high‐resolution hydrodynamic and meteorological data. The results were used to partition the area in which Nephrops was observed into 20 homogenous management subareas; to assess the connection between spawning, recruitment, and harvesting grounds; and to identify potential subpopulation boundaries as well as the connectivity among the potential subpopulations. The results suggest the presence of at least three distinct subpopulations, which need to be independently managed and conserved, and confirms that the Jabuka‐Pomo pit is the most important spawning area, but alone it cannot sustain Nephrops populations throughout the Adriatic Sea. The results also show the importance to move from particle‐tracking to approaches based on integrated models

    Unraveling the effects of maternal breastfeeding duration and exclusive breast milk on children’s cognitive abilities in early childhood

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    BackgroundThis study investigated the putative associations between mothers’ use of exclusive breast milk and the duration of breastfeeding with child cognitive development.MethodsThis study is based on 2,210 Canadian families with children assessed longitudinally from age 4 to 7 years on their memory-span and math skills. These cognitive abilities were measured with standardized tasks. Breastfeeding practices were collected via maternal reports. We applied propensity scores to control the social selection bias for breastfeeding.ResultsResults adjusted for propensity scores and sample weight revealed no significant differences between non-breastfed children with those being non-exclusively breastfed for 5 months or less, and with children being exclusively breastfed for 9.2 months on average, on their early math skills and memory-span. We found that children who were non-exclusively breastfed for 6.8 months on average had a slightly higher levels of memory-span at age 4 than children who were never breastfed, and this small but significant difference lasted up to age 7.ConclusionOur findings suggest no significant differences between children being exclusively breastfed and those fed with formula on their early math skills and memory-span. The encouragement of breastfeeding to promote child cognitive school readiness may, in some case (non-exclusive breastfeeding for more than 5 months), show a small but long-lasting advantage in early memory-span

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU

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    We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey (GPIES). This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semi-major axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M >> 1.5 M⊙M_\odot more likely to host planets with masses between 2-13 MJup_{\rm Jup} and semi-major axes of 3-100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semi-major axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M >> 1.5M⊙_\odot) of the form d2Ndmda∝mαaÎČ\frac{d^2 N}{dm da} \propto m^\alpha a^\beta, finding α\alpha = -2.4 ±\pm 0.8 and ÎČ\beta = -2.0 ±\pm 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of 9−4+59^{+5}_{-4}% between 5-13 MJup_{\rm Jup} and 10-100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with 0.8−0.5+0.8^{+0.8}_{-0.5}% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13-80 MJup_{\rm Jup} and 10-100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semi-major axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semi-major axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the RV method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ~1-10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.Comment: 52 pages, 18 figures. AJ in pres

    Readthrough of Premature Termination Codons in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Gene Restores Its Biological Activity in Human Cancer Cells

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    The APC tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in human colorectal cancer, with nonsense mutations accounting for 30% of all mutations in this gene. Reintroduction of the WT APC gene into cancer cells generally reduces tumorigenicity or induces apoptosis. In this study, we explored the possibility of using drugs to induce premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough (aminoglycosides, negamycin), as a means of reactivating endogenous APC. By quantifying the readthrough of 11 nonsense mutations in APC, we were able to identify those giving the highest levels of readthrough after treatment. For these mutations, we demonstrated that aminoglycoside or negamycin treatment led to a recovery of the biological activity of APC in cancer cell lines, and showed that the level of APC activity was proportional to the level of induced readthrough. These findings show that treatment with readthrough inducers should be considered as a potential strategy for treating cancers caused by nonsense mutations APC gene. They also provide a rational basis for identifying mutations responsive to readthrough inducers

    Écriture et transmission des savoirs de l’AntiquitĂ© Ă  nos jours

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    Pendant longtemps, la transmission des savoirs s’est faite directement, du maĂźtre Ă  l’élĂšve, de l’artisan Ă  l’apprenti, par un enseignement oral que venait complĂ©ter la dĂ©monstration des gestes de la pratique. L’apparition de l’écriture, et plus encore la diffusion de la literacy ont fait que des mĂ©thodes de transmission indirectes ont pu se faire jour et que l’acquisition d’un savoir, quel qu’il soit, a pu se faire sans contact immĂ©diat avec le dĂ©tenteur de ce savoir, mais par le truchement d’un livre ou d’une autre forme d’écrit. Il s’est ensuivi une capacitĂ© de diffusion des savoirs quasiment illimitĂ©e, des plus techniques et spĂ©cialisĂ©s aux plus abstraits et gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. C’est cette explosion de la transmission des savoirs que les vingt auteurs des contributions ici rĂ©unies ont cherchĂ© Ă  explorer en mettant en lumiĂšre diffĂ©rentes facettes, Ă  travers une sĂ©rie d’exemples, allant de l’AntiquitĂ© Ă  l’époque contemporaine. Le CongrĂšs national des sociĂ©tĂ©s historiques et scientifiques rassemble chaque annĂ©e universitaires, membres de sociĂ©tĂ©s savantes et jeunes chercheurs. Ce recueil est issu de travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s lors du 143e CongrĂšs sur le thĂšme « La transmission des savoirs »

    The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey : giant planet and brown dwarf demographics from 10 to 100 au

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    We present a statistical analysis of the first 300 stars observed by the Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey. This subsample includes six detected planets and three brown dwarfs; from these detections and our contrast curves we infer the underlying distributions of substellar companions with respect to their mass, semimajor axis, and host stellar mass. We uncover a strong correlation between planet occurrence rate and host star mass, with stars M* > 1.5 M⊙ more likely to host planets with masses between 2 and 13MJup and semimajor axes of 3–100 au at 99.92% confidence. We fit a double power-law model in planet mass (m) and semimajor axis (a) for planet populations around high-mass stars (M* > 1.5 M⊙) of the form d2N/(dm da) ∝ mα aÎČ, finding α = −2.4 ± 0.8 and ÎČ = −2.0 ± 0.5, and an integrated occurrence rate of 9+5-4% between 5–13MJup and 10–100 au. A significantly lower occurrence rate is obtained for brown dwarfs around all stars, with 0.8+0.8-0.5% of stars hosting a brown dwarf companion between 13–80MJup and 10–100 au. Brown dwarfs also appear to be distributed differently in mass and semimajor axis compared to giant planets; whereas giant planets follow a bottom-heavy mass distribution and favor smaller semimajor axes, brown dwarfs exhibit just the opposite behaviors. Comparing to studies of short-period giant planets from the radial velocity method, our results are consistent with a peak in occurrence of giant planets between ∌1 and 10 au. We discuss how these trends, including the preference of giant planets for high-mass host stars, point to formation of giant planets by core/pebble accretion, and formation of brown dwarfs by gravitational instability.Peer reviewe

    GASCON : Gestion agro-écologique de la santé des cultures et des organismes nuisibles

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    Le croisement des sciences agronomiques, de l’écologie appliquĂ©e Ă  la gestion des agroĂ©cosystĂšmes,et des sciences humaines et sociales, qu’implique la transition agroĂ©cologique, pose de nouveaux dĂ©fis pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux agricoles: intĂ©grer des connaissances de diffĂ©rentes disciplines et produites Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles d’organisation pour agir en situation; dĂ©velopper des cadres d’analyse et dĂ©marches intĂ©grant la diversitĂ© de situations Ă  gĂ©rer par les acteurs et permettant de construire des rĂ©ponses adaptĂ©es Ă  chaque situation; et concevoir et mettre en Ɠuvre des pratiques d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, qui dotent les apprenants de capacitĂ©s Ă  penser leur action en contexte, en mobilisant des savoirs et savoir-faire multiples en termes de contenus disciplinaires et des savoir-ĂȘtre pour construire des solutions avec une diversitĂ© d’acteurs. Dans le champ de la formation, ces dĂ©fis nĂ©cessitent dĂšs lors de revisiter les contenus des enseignements dispensĂ©s, les modalitĂ©s pĂ©dagogiques et les dispositifs de formation existants, de maniĂšre Ă  apprĂ©hender au mieux la complexitĂ© des processus Ă  l’Ɠuvre. Pour autant, peu de travaux s’attardent sur les modalitĂ©s pratiques de ce changement et de ses implications, alors mĂȘme que de nombreuses initiatives en matiĂšre de pĂ©dagogie et d’agroĂ©cologie se dĂ©veloppent ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. L’objectif de ce sĂ©minaire est de promouvoir une information partagĂ©e et l’échange d’expĂ©riences pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux posĂ©s par l’agroĂ©cologie dans la formation (transversalitĂ©, pluridisciplinaritĂ©, approche systĂ©mique, pĂ©dagogies actives). Ces enjeux peuvent se dĂ©cliner suivant plusieurs entrĂ©es : les thĂ©matiques enseignĂ©es (agriculture, Ă©levage, territoire, alimentation, ...); les pratiques et les dispositifs pĂ©dagogiques mis en Ɠuvre pour aborder ces questions (enseignement numĂ©rique, dispositifs expĂ©rimentaux, projets professionnels, rĂ©fĂ©rentiels, ...);les publics d’apprenants: Ă©lĂšves, Ă©tudiants, professionnels, ..
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