Les professions intermédiaires au cœur de nouvelles formes d’organisation industrielle

Alors que la construction aéronautique s’appuie aujourd’hui sur une nouvelle forme d’organisation industrielle – l’architecture modulaire –, nous cherchons à découvrir dans cet article les conséquences de ces transformations sur les contenus du travail des techniciens et des agents de maîtrise, et sur les pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines qui leur sont appliquées. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête dans quatre entreprises du secteur en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (un donneur d’ordre et trois sous-traitants). Nos observations mettent en évidence le fait que les activités des techniciens et des agents de maîtrise ne peuvent désormais plus réellement être différenciées et, surtout, qu’elles consistent de plus en plus en de la médiation et de la coordination entre les différents services ou intervenants (ou modules) dans la chaîne de production, y compris sur les tâches de conception. Alors qu’ils doivent faire preuve de davantage d’autonomie et mettre en œuvre des compétences communicationnelles pour mener à bien leurs missions, les techniciens et les agents de maîtrise n’accèdent que rarement au statut de cadre, ce qui est source de frustration et de mécontentement à l’égard de la politique de gestion des ressources humaines menée par les entreprises.While aircraft manufacturing is based on a new framework of industrial organization today – the modular architecture – we study the consequences of these transformations within the technicians’ and supervisors’ work content, and on human resources management. To this end, we led an investigation in four companies of the sector in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (a contractor and three subcontractors). Our observations highlight the fact that technicians’ and supervisors’ activities cannot be really differentiated from now on and, above all, that they consist more and more of mediation and coordination between various departments or speakers (or modules) in the production line, including design tasks. While they have to show more autonomy and to develop communication skills to succeed, technicians and supervisors rarely reach the manager status, which leads to frustration and dissatisfaction towards the human resources management policy led by their companies

Les professions intermédiaires au cœur de nouvelles formes d’organisation industrielle

Alors que la construction aéronautique s’appuie aujourd’hui sur une nouvelle forme d’organisation industrielle – l’architecture modulaire –, nous cherchons à découvrir dans cet article les conséquences de ces transformations sur les contenus du travail des techniciens et des agents de maîtrise, et sur les pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines qui leur sont appliquées. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête dans quatre entreprises du secteur en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (un donneur d’ordre et trois sous-traitants). Nos observations mettent en évidence le fait que les activités des techniciens et des agents de maîtrise ne peuvent désormais plus réellement être différenciées et, surtout, qu’elles consistent de plus en plus en de la médiation et de la coordination entre les différents services ou intervenants (ou modules) dans la chaîne de production, y compris sur les tâches de conception. Alors qu’ils doivent faire preuve de davantage d’autonomie et mettre en œuvre des compétences communicationnelles pour mener à bien leurs missions, les techniciens et les agents de maîtrise n’accèdent que rarement au statut de cadre, ce qui est source de frustration et de mécontentement à l’égard de la politique de gestion des ressources humaines menée par les entreprises.While aircraft manufacturing is based on a new framework of industrial organization today – the modular architecture – we study the consequences of these transformations within the technicians’ and supervisors’ work content, and on human resources management. To this end, we led an investigation in four companies of the sector in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (a contractor and three subcontractors). Our observations highlight the fact that technicians’ and supervisors’ activities cannot be really differentiated from now on and, above all, that they consist more and more of mediation and coordination between various departments or speakers (or modules) in the production line, including design tasks. While they have to show more autonomy and to develop communication skills to succeed, technicians and supervisors rarely reach the manager status, which leads to frustration and dissatisfaction towards the human resources management policy led by their companies

MESures et SImulation pour une GEstion Optimisée des systèmes de transports

The stakes that were targeted by this collaboration are linked to the rarefaction of resources used to build new transportation infrastructures and to the higher attention paid to the environmental impacts of mobilities. Indeed, transportation network managers have a real need for tools and methods to master the increase of movement demand while reducing the impacts of these moves. On these topics, the research done in the Ifsttar allied to the expertise of the Cerema gave birth to a form of integrative research that contributed to broaden the horizons of both partners. The main results of this collaboration are presented in this final report. They comprise: •Better understanding of flows propagation inside the transportation system;•Quantification tools for assessing the impacts of this flow in terms of travel time and accessibility as well as pollutants levels;•Offer of new simulation and modelling tools, that can be used in more situations; (because their calculation time is smaller and they include the effects of regulations);•Strengthening of the methodologies to assess the regulation of suburban motorways. In addition to the presentation of those results, the report includes a list of the productions of the collaboration, the most significant productions, the presentations made during the final seminar and directions for future research.Les enjeux que cette collaboration a permis de traiter sont liés à la raréfaction des ressources permettant de construire des nouvelles infrastructures de transports et à la montée de la prise en compte des impacts environnementaux des mobilités. Ceci génère un réel besoin, de la part des gestionnaires de réseaux de transports, d’outils et de méthodes leur permettant de maîtriser la croissance de la demande de déplacements tout en diminuant les impacts de ces déplacements. Sur ces sujets, l’articulation des recherches conduites à l’IFSTTAR et de l’expertise que possède le CEREMA a donné lieu à une recherche intégrative qui a contribué à élargir les horizons de chacun des deux partenaires. Les principaux résultats de Messigéo, présentés dans ce rapport final, concernent : •Amélioration de la compréhension de la propagation des flux dans le système de transport ;•Quantification des impacts du fonctionnement du système de transports en termes de temps de parcours et d’accessibilité, tout comme sur les niveaux de polluants ;•Proposition de nouveaux outils de modélisation et de simulation, utilisables dans plus de cas (car ils sont de temps de calcul faible et qu’ils intègrent les effets des régulations) ;•Consolidation des méthodologies d’évaluation des régulations des autoroutes périurbaines.Outre une synthèse de ces résultats, ce rapport contient également la liste des publications, les productions les plus significatives, les présentations faites au cours du séminaire de restitution, et des pistes de recherche future

Women involvement in the informal caregiving field: A perspective review

The patient recovery process of individual with mental health disorder is reinforced if they are connected with their community and supported by relatives. The literature has shown that caregivers are important, although their roles can lead to alterations in their own health; and women are the most involved in this role. The present review investigated women’s involvement in the informal caregiver scientific field. A literature review indicated gender differences; researchers who are women are more interested in this field than men. Even with a good representation of women in this scientific field, the results showed a statistically significant gender difference for the first and second authors, whereas there was no significant gender difference among the last authors. More efforts must be made to recognize the importance of women’s involvement in research because they raise a specific important field. Family caregivers are key players in the healthcare system, but to date, there has been little recognition of their enormous contribution. Our results also indicated the informal caregiver role is filled more by women than by men, which creates social inequalities in many domains, especially in opportunities at the professional level. Tailored interventions are required to address the specific needs and issues of family caregivers. A better redistribution of unpaid work, such as informal caregiving, compared to paid work must be made to respect gender in social existence

Novel insights into the diet of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) using next-generation sequencing molecular analyses

[Departement_IRSTEA]EauxInternational audienceThe Pyrenean desman, a threatened, semiaquatic mammal, is considered a specialist predator feeding on aquatic benthic invertebrates. This categorization comes from visual identification of prey in scat or gut contents, often based on a limited number of samples and locations. We combined diet analyses using next-generation sequencing methods with an extensive survey to explore the summer diet of Pyrenean desmans across the French Pyrenees. This study thus provides an unprecedented level of detail on the trophic ecology of Pyrenean desmans. Our results revealed a diverse diet containing a high proportion of rare prey and substantial consumption of terrestrial prey, which suggests a more generalist diet than previously understood. Three diet groups were identified, with significant differences in prey composition. These differences were not related to geographic location, but rather to local environmental variables. The spatial variation in diet was likely induced by local abiotic parameters that affect prey availability or use of foraging habitats

The quasi-universality of nestedness in the structure of quantitative plant-parasite interactions

Understanding the relationships between host range and pathogenicity for parasites, and between the efficiency and scope of immunity for hosts are essential to implement efficient disease control strategies. In the case of plant parasites, most studies have focused on describing qualitative interactions and a variety of genetic and evolutionary models has been proposed in this context. Although plant quantitative resistance benefits from advantages in terms of durability, we presently lack models that account for quantitative interactions between plants and their parasites and the evolution of these interactions. Nestedness and modularity are important features to unravel the overall structure of host-parasite interaction matrices. Here, we analysed these two features on 32 matrices of quantitative pathogenicity trait data gathered from 15 plant-parasite pathosystems consisting of either annual or perennial plants along with fungi or oomycetes, bacteria, nematodes, insects and viruses. The performance of several nestedness and modularity algorithms was evaluated through a simulation approach, which helped interpretation of the results. We observed significant modularity in only six of the 32 matrices, with two or three modules detected. For three of these matrices, modules could be related to resistance quantitative trait loci present in the host. In contrast, we found high and significant nestedness in 30 of the 32 matrices. Nestedness was linked to other properties of plant-parasite interactions. First, pathogenicity trait values were explained in majority by a parasite strain effect and a plant accession effect, with no parasite-plant interaction term. Second, correlations between the efficiency and scope of the resistance of plant genotypes, and between the host range breadth and pathogenicity level of parasite strains were overall positive. This latter result questions the efficiency of strategies based on the deployment of several genetically-differentiated cultivars of a given crop species in the case of quantitative plant immunity

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Diffusion des logiques managériales et transférabilité des outils de GRH

International audienc

Comprendre et optimiser la fonction Ressources Humaines

National audienc