Toxicological Study in vitro, in vivo and Transcriptomic of Mycotoxins. Estudio Toxicológico in vitro, in vivo y Transcriptómico de Micotoxinas

Las micotoxinas, producidas por el metabolismo secundario de hongos filamentosos, se consideran contaminantes comunes de alimentos y piensos y constituyen una preocupación en el ámbito de la seguridad alimentaria. Se han estudiado los efectos tóxicos y mecanismos de acción de las micotoxinas emergentes Beauvericina (BEA) y Eniatinas (ENs) mediante ensayos in vitro en células Jurkat, in vivo en rata Wistar y transcriptómicos por secuenciación del ARN; así como la presencia de multi-micotoxinas en alimentos, piensos y muestras biológicas. Las revisiones realizadas ponen de manifiesto que (i) la investigación in vivo de fusarotoxinas se basa principalmente en estudios de toxicidad subaguda y subcrónica con cerdos y ratas expuestos por vía oral a micotoxinas como Fumonisina B1, Deoxinivalenol (DON) y Zearalenona (ZEN); (ii) los objetivos principales del análisis de micotoxinas en muestras biológicas son el desarrollo de métodos analíticos, estudios de biomonitorización y evaluación de la exposición, siendo la orina humana la muestra biológica más analizada y destacando Ocratoxina A (OTA), ZEN y DON como las micotoxinas más estudiadas. A pesar de la elevada frecuencia de micotoxinas detectadas en muestras biológicas, los bajos niveles cuantificados indican que las ingestas diarias probables son generalmente inferiores a las ingestas tolerables permitidas; (iii) las micotoxinas de Alternaria más analizadas en alimentos y piensos son Alternariol, Alternariol Metil Éter, Tentoxinona y Ácido Tenuazónico, detectando las mayores concentraciones en legumbres, tomates y cereales. Los resultados del análisis de piensos de rata de laboratorio demuestran una elevada incidencia de contaminación por multi-micotoxinas, principalmente ZEN, ENs y DON. Los ensayos in vitro muestran disminución de la viabilidad celular, arresto del ciclo celular y activación de la apoptosis con aumento de la actividad de las caspasas tras la exposición de células Jurkat a EN B y BEA, demostrando esta última efectos in vitro más pronunciados, así como potencial genotóxico. La revisón bibliográfica de la Quercetina revela actividad protectora in vitro frente al efecto citotóxico de micotoxinas como OTA, DON, ZEN, BEA y ENs, sugiriendo su ingesta en alimentos como una estrategia potencial para prevenir la toxicidad inducida por micotoxinas. Los estudios in vivo muestran ausencia de efectos adversos observables tras la administración subaguda de EN A y administración única vía oral de ENs en rata Wistar, a pesar de detectar las micotoxinas en suero, órganos y tejidos, confirmando así su absorción intestinal tras administración oral. El estudio transcriptómico revela alteración del genoma humano tras la exposición de células Jurkat a BEA y EN B, indicando daño mitocondrial con alteración de las vías de fosforilación oxidativa y cadena de transporte de electrones. Se necesitan nuevos estudios que permitan la evaluación del riesgo potencial de la exposición a estos compuestos para proteger así la salud humana y animal.Mycotoxins, produced by secondary metabolism of filamentous fungi, are common food and feed contaminants, and they constitute a concern of food safety. The present work studied the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of the emerging mycotoxins Beauvericin (BEA) and Enniatins (ENs) through in vitro tests in Jurkat cells, in vivo assays in Wistar rats, and transcriptomic approach by RNA-seq; as well as multi-mycotoxin presence in food, feed, and biological samples. The reviews indicated that (i) the in vivo research of fusarotoxins were mainly based on subacute and subchronic toxicity studies with pigs and rats orally exposed to mycotoxins such as Fumonisin B1, Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZEN), as well as mycotoxin combinations generally including DON; (ii) the main objectives of mycotoxins analysis in biological samples were method development, biomonitoring studies, and exposure assessment, with human urine as the most analyzed biological sample and Ochratoxin A (OTA), ZEN and DON as the most studied mycotoxins. Despite the high frequency of mycotoxins detected in biological samples, the low quantified levels suggested probable daily intakes generally lower than the permited tolerable intakes; (iii) the most analyzed Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed were Alternariol, Alternariol Methyl Ether, Tentoxinone and Tenuazonic Acid, detecting the highest concentrations in legumes, tomatoes and cereals. The results of the laboratory rat feed analysis demonstrated high incidence of multi-mycotoxin contamination mainly with ZEN, ENs and DON. The in vitro assays indicated decrease in cell viability, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis activation with increase of caspase activity after EN B and BEA exposure to Jurkat cells. BEA demonstrated more pronounced in vitro effects, as well as, genotoxic potential. The review about Quercetin showed in vitro protective activity against the cytotoxic effect of mycotoxins such as OTA, DON, ZEN, BEA and ENs, suggesting their intake in food as a potential strategy to prevent mycotoxin-induced toxicity. The in vivo studies showed absence of observed adverse effects after subacute administration of EN A and single oral dose administration of ENs in Wistar rats, despite their detection in serum, organs and tissues, thus confirming their intestinal absorption after oral administration. The transcriptomic study revealed human genome preturbation after Jurkat cells exposure to BEA and EN B, indicating mitochondrial damage with alteration of the oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain pathways. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential risk of the exposure to these compounds and thus, to protect human and animal health

El marketing y la transmedialidad de los productos audiovisuales para internet: Netflix

Anàlisi de les estratègies de marketing i transmedia utilitzades per Netflix, un breu resum sobre què és transmedia, la convergencia dels mitjans de comunicació i la distribució online. Com pot Netflix vendre un producte si cada usuari el consumeix a un ritme? Netflix adapta les necessitats de l’espectador amb els drets d’autor en una lluita contra la pirateria.Análisis de las estrategias de marketing y transmedia utilizadas por Netflix, un breve resumen sobre qué es transmedia, la convergencia de los medios y la distribución online. ¿Cómo puede Netflix vender un producto si cada usuario lo consume a su ritmo? Netflix por fin adapta la necesidades del espectador con los derechos de autor, en una lucha contra la piratería.Analysis of the transmedia’s and marketing strategies used by Netflix, a brief review about transmedia, convergence culture and online distribution. How does Netflix sell its products if every user consumes it whenever they want? Netflix finally adapts the consumer needs to the authors copyright in order to beat the piracy.Escrivá Fornelio, L. (2014). El marketing y la transmedialidad de los productos audiovisuales para internet: Netflix. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/44942Archivo delegad

Factores psicosociales relacionados con el consumo de alcohol excesivo en la adolescencia: un estudio longitudinal-prospectivo

Catorzenes Jornades de Foment de la Investigació de la FCHS (Any 2008-2009)Diversos factores biopsicosociales parecen facilitar el desarrollo de un consumo severo de alcohol en la adolescencia. El objetivo del presente trabajo era estudiar qué variables psicosociales eran relevantes para predecir el consumo de alcohol excesivo a los 14 años utilizando una metodología longitudinal-prospectiva. 350 adolescentes (12,03 de edad media en la primera evaluación) fueron evaluados durante tres años consecutivos (T1, T2 y T3). Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron el JS NEO-S (personalidad) y el AIS (consumo de alcohol) en T1, el EMBU-S y el APQ (estilos educativos) en T2, y el AIS y el ACTICOL (actitudes hacia el alcohol) en T3. Los resultados mostraron que nuestra muestra podía agruparse en tres clusters: abstemios, bebedores moderados y bebedores excesivos. El análisis de regresión ordinal mostró que los adolescentes que bebían alcohol en T1, que tenían puntuaciones bajas en responsabilidad (impulsivos y buscadores de sensaciones) en T1, que tenían amigos que bebían alcohol en T1 y en T3, y que poseían unas actitudes más favorables y menos negativas sobre el consumo en T3, mostraban una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar un consumo excesivo en T3 (14 años). Los resultados se interpretaron en base a los procesos sociales con los que se relacionan estas variables

Bioaccessibility study of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in bread enriched with fermented milk whey and/or pumpkin

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products remains a significant issue. The use of natural ingredients such as pumpkin and whey, which contain bioactive compounds, could be a strategy to reduce the use of conventional chemical preservatives. The aim of the present work was to study the bioaccessibility of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin (OTA) in bread, as well as to evaluate the effect of milk whey (with and without lactic acid bacteria fermentation) and pumpkin on reducing mycotoxins bioaccessibility. Different bread typologies were prepared and subjected to an in vitro digestion model. Gastric and intestinal extracts were analyzed by HPLC-MS/qTOF and mycotoxins bioaccessibility was calculated. All the tested ingredients but one significantly reduced mycotoxin intestinal bioaccessibility. Pumpkin powder demonstrated to be the most effective ingredient showing significant reductions of AFB1 and OTA bioaccessibility up to 74% and 34%, respectively. Whey, fermented whey, and the combination of pumpkin-fermented whey showed intestinal bioaccessibility reductions between 57-68% for AFB1, and between 11-20% for OTA. These results pointed to pumpkin and milk whey as potential bioactive ingredients that may have promising applications in the bakery industry

Food addiction and its relationship with other eating behaviours among Spanish university students

BackgroundFood addiction (FA) is characterised by symptoms such as loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption despite the desire to do so, and continued consumption despite negative consequences. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a widely used instrument to assess FA.ObjectivesTo validate the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and to test the eating-related variables that account for the variance in FA.MethodsThe sample consisted of 400 university students (M-age = 24.16, SDage = 6.12; 51% female), who completed the mYFAS 2.0 and measures of eating-related constructs.ResultsA confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the one-factor structure of the mYFAS 2.0. The scale showed good internal consistency (alpha = .78), and good convergent validity with the mYFAS. FA was related to eating styles, binge eating, and bulimia. No differences in FA were observed between males and females, and there was no association between FA and BMI. In addition, younger participants scored higher on FA than older participants. The eating-related variables explain 54.7% of the variance in FA.ConclusionsThe mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale to assess FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of variables related to eating (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables were indicated by those at high risk of FA. Plain English summaryFood addiction (FA) is characterised by excessive and dysregulated intake of high-calorie foods. Loss of control over food consumption, inability to reduce consumption, and continued consumption despite negative consequences are some of its symptoms. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a brief instrument specifically developed to assess FA. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish mYFAS 2.0; (2) to analyse the relationships between FA with other eating behaviours, sociodemographic variables, and Body Mass Index (BMI); and (3) to test whether there are certain dietary variables that may be positively related to FA. We were able to provide evidence that the mYFAS 2.0 is a valid and reliable scale for assessing FA in the Spanish population. The positive and significant relationship of eating-related variables (eating styles, binge eating and bulimia) with FA was demonstrated. These variables can be considered to identify subgroups at high risk of FA

The Binge Eating Scale: Structural Equation Competitive Models, Invariance Measurement Between Sexes, and Relationships With Food Addiction, Impulsivity, Binge Drinking, and Body Mass Index

Introduction: The Binge Eating Scale (BES) is a widely used self-report questionnaire to identify compulsive eaters. However, research on the dimensions and psychometric properties of the BES is limited.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the properties of the Spanish version of the BES.Methods: Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) were carried out to verify the BES factor structure in a sample of Spanish college students (N = 428, 75.7% women; age range = 18–30). An invariance measurement routine was carried out across sexes, the latent means were compared, and estimates of reliability and convergent and discriminant validity were presented.Results: A one-factor model fit the data best and was also equivalent between sexes. The scalar invariance model showed statistically significant differences across sexes, with a higher prevalence in women. Regarding reliability, the results were excellent. Finally, high statistically significant correlations were obtained with other measures of binge eating (BE), food addiction, impulsivity, binge drinking, and body mass index (BMI).Conclusion: The Spanish 16-item BES is a valid and reliable scale to evaluate BE in the youth population

Versión corta de la adaptación española para adolescentes del NEO-PI-R (JS NEO-S)

Este artículo instrumental presenta los primeros datos sobre el desarrollo de la versión corta de la adaptación española para adolescentes, entre 12 y 18 años, del NEO-PI-R (JS NEO-S). Este cuestionario de 150 ítems evalúa las cinco dimensiones y las treinta facetas del Modelo de los Cinco Factores. Las propiedades psicométricas del JS NEO-S fueron investigadas en una muestra de 2.546 adolescentes. Los resultados replicaron la estructura factorial de la versión extensa (JS NEO). Las fiabilidades de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal de las escalas, en intervalos de un mes y un año, fueron adecuadas. Además, la correlación entre las escalas de la versión corta para adolescentes y la versión para adultos, NEO-PI-R, indicaban un alto grado de equivalencia entre las dos formas. Asimismo, se estudió la asociación del JS NEO con el BFQ-NA que evalúa los cinco factores a nivel de las dimensiones, ya que no tiene subescalas para las facetas. Las correlaciones entre estos cuestionarios aportaron más evidencia sobre la validez de constructo de JS NEO-SThis instrumental article presents the preliminary data about the development of a short form of the Junior Spanish version, between 12 and 18 years, of the NEO-PI-R (JS NEO-S). This 150-item questionnaire assesses the five broad domains and thirty more specific facets of the Five-Factor Model. The psychometric properties of the JS NEO-S were investigated in a sample of 2,546 adolescents. Results showed that the factor structure of the long version (JS NEO) was replicated with the short form. Internal consistency and temporal stability, after one month and one year, reliabilities of the scales were adequate. Furthermore, the cross-form correlations between the junior short version and the adult NEO PI-R scales indicated a high degree of equivalence between the two forms. In addition, we studied the the association of the JS NEO with the BFQ-NA that assesses the five factors at the dimension level, as it has not got subscales for the facets. The correlations between these questionnaires increased the construct validity of the JS NEO-

Trastuzumab Emtansine Plus Non-Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (Thelma): A Single-Arm, Multicenter, Phase Ib Trial

The paper assesses the dose-limiting toxicities and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) combined with non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD) in HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This single-arm, open-label, phase Ib trial (NCT02562378) enrolled anthracycline-naïve HER2+ MBC patients who had progressed on trastuzumab and taxanes. Patients received a maximum of 6 cycles of NPLD intravenously (IV) at various dose levels (45, 50, and 60 mg/m2) in the "3 plus 3" dose-escalation part. During expansion, they received 60 mg/m2 of NPLD every 3 weeks (Q3W) plus standard doses of T-DM1. The MTD was T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg plus NPLD 60 mg/m2 administered IV Q3W. No clinically relevant worsening of cardiac function was observed. Among all evaluable patients, the overall response rate was 40.0% (95%CI, 16.3-67.7) with a median duration of response of 6.9 months (95%CI, 4.8-9.1). Clinical benefit rate was 66.7% (95%CI, 38.4-88.2) and median progression-free survival was 7.2 months (95%CI, 4.5-9.6). No significant influence of NPLD on T-DM1 pharmacokinetics was observed. The addition of NPLD to T-DM1 is feasible but does not seem to improve the antitumor efficacy of T-DM1 in HER2+ MBC patients

The first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Spain was associated with early introductions and fast spread of a dominating genetic variant

SeqCOVID-Spain consortium: Álvaro Chiner-Oms, Irving Cancino-Muñoz, Mariana G. López, Manuela Torres-Puente, Inmaculada Gómez-Navarro, Santiago Jiménez-Serrano, Jordi Pérez-Tur, Darío García de Viedma, Laura Pérez-Lago, Marta Herranz, Jon Sicilia, Pilar Catalán-Alonso, Julia Suárez González, Patricia Muñoz, Mireia Coscolla, Paula Ruiz-Rodríguez, Fernando González-Candelas, Iñaki Comas, Lidia Ruiz-Roldán, María Alma Bracho, Neris García-González, Llúcia Martínez Priego, Inmaculada Galán-Vendrell, Paula Ruiz-Hueso, Griselda De Marco, María Loreto Ferrús-Abad, Sandra Carbó-Ramírez, Giuseppe D’Auria, Galo Adrian Goig, Juan Alberola, Jose Miguel Nogueira, Juan José Camarena, David Navarro, Eliseo Albert, Ignacio Torres, Maitane Aranzamendi Zaldumbide, Óscar Martínez Expósito, Nerea Antona Urieta, María de Toro, María Pilar Bea-Escudero, Jose Antonio Boga, Cristian Castelló-Abietar, Susana Rojo-Alba, Marta Elena Álvarez-Argüelles, Santiago Melón, Elisa Martró, Antoni E. Bordoy, Anna Not, Adrián Antuori, Anabel Fernández-Navarro, Andrés Canut-Blasco, Silvia Hernáez Crespo, Maria Luz Cordón Rodríguez, Maria Concepción Lecaroz Agara, Carmen Gómez-González, Amaia Aguirre-Quiñonero, José Israel López-Mirones, Marina Fernández-Torres, Maria Rosario Almela-Ferrer, Ana Carvajal, Juan Miguel Fregeneda-Grandes, Héctor Argüello, Gustavo Cilla Eguiluz, Milagrosa Montes Ros, Luis Piñeiro Vázquez, Ane Sorarrain, José María Marimón, José J. Costa-Alcalde, Rocío Trastoy, Gema Barbeito Castiñeiras, Amparo Coira, María Luisa Pérez del Molino, Antonio Aguilera, Begoña Palop-Borrás, Inmaculada de Toro Peinado, Maria Concepción Mediavilla Gradolph, Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz, Mirian Fernández-Alonso, Jose Luis del Pozo, Oscar González-Recio, Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas, Jovita Fernández-Pinero, Miguel Ángel Jiménez Clavero, Begoña Fuster Escrivá, Concepción Gimeno Cardona, María Dolores Ocete Mochón, Rafael Medina-Gonzalez, José Antonio Lepe, Verónica González Galán, Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres, Nieves Gonzalo Jiménez, Jordi Reina, Carla López-Causapé, Maria Dolores Gómez-Ruiz, Eva M. Gonzalez-Barbera, José Luis López-Hontangas, Vicente Martín, Antonio J. Molina, Tania Fernandez-Villa, Ana Milagro Beamonte, Nieves Felisa Martínez-Cameo, Yolanda Gracia-Grataloup, Rosario Moreno-Muñoz, Maria Dolores Tirado Balaguer, José María Navarro-Marí, Irene Pedrosa-Corral, Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez, Antonio Oliver, Mónica Parra Grande, Bárbara Gómez Alonso, Francisco José Arjona Zaragozí, Maria Carmen Pérez González, Francisco Javier Chamizo López, Ana Bordes-Benítez, Núria Rabella, Ferran Navarro, Elisenda Miró, Antonio Rezusta, Alexander Tristancho, Encarnación Simarro Córdoba, Julia Lozano-Serra, Lorena Robles Fonseca, Álex Soriano, Francisco Javier Roig Sena, Hermelinda Vanaclocha Luna, Isabel Sanmartín, Daniel García-Souto, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra, Jose M. C. Tubio, Javier Temes, Jorge Rodríguez-Castro, Martín Santamarina García, Manuel Rodríguez-Iglesias, Fátima Galán-Sanchez, Salud Rodríguez-Pallares, José Manuel Azcona-Gutiérrez, Miriam Blasco-Alberdi, Alfredo Mayor, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Gemma Moncunill, Carlota Dobaño, Pau Cisteró, Oriol Mitjà, Camila González-Beiras, Martí Vall-Mayans, Marc Corbacho-Monné, Andrea Alemany, Cristina Muñoz-Cuevas, Guadalupe Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Rafael Benito, Sonia Algarate, Jessica Bueno, Andrea Vergara-Gómez, Miguel J. Martínez, Jordi Vila, Elisa Rubio, Aida Peiró-Mestres, Jessica Navero-Castillejos, David Posada, Diana Valverde, Nuria Estévez, Iria Fernández-Silva, Loretta de Chiara, Pilar Gallego-García, Nair Varela, Ulises Gómez-Pinedo, Mónica Gozalo-Margüello, Maria Eliecer Cano García, José Manuel Méndez-Legaza, Jesus Rodríguez-Lozano, María Siller, Daniel Pablo-Marcos, Maria Montserrat Ruiz-García, Antonio Galiana, Judith Sánchez-Almendro, Maria Isabel Gascón Ros, Cristina Juana Torregrosa-Hetland, Eva María Pastor Boix, Paloma Cascales Ramos, Pedro Luis Garcinuño Enríquez, Salvador Raga Borja, Julia González Cantó, Olalla Martínez Macias, Adolfo de Salazar, Laura Viñuela González, Natalia Chueca, Federico García, Cristina Gómez-Camarasa, Amparo Farga Martí, Rocío Falcón, Victoria Domínguez-Márquez, Anna M. Planas, Israel Fernández-Cádenas, Maria Ángeles Marcos, Carmen Ezpeleta, Ana Navascués, Ana Miqueleiz Zapatero, Manuel Segovia, Antonio Moreno-Docón, Esther Viedma, Raúl Recio Martínez, Irene Muñoz-Gallego, Sara Gonzalez-Bodi, Maria Dolores Folgueira, Jesús Mingorance, Elias Dahdouh, Fernando Lázaro-Perona, María Rodríguez-Tejedor, María Pilar Romero-Gómez, Julio García-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Galán, Mario Rodríguez-Dominguez, Laura Martínez-García, Melanie Abreu Di Berardino, Manuel Ponce-Alonso, Jose Maria González-Alba, Ivan Sanz-Muñoz, Diana Pérez San José, Maria Gil Fortuño, Juan B. Bellido-Blasco, Alberto Yagüe Muñoz, Noelia Hernández Pérez, Helena Buj Jordá, Óscar Pérez Olaso, Alejandro González Praetorius, Nora Mariela Martínez Ramírez, Aida Ramírez Marinero, Eduardo Padilla León, Alba Vilas Basil, Mireia Canal Aranda, Albert Bernet Sánchez, Alba Bellés Bellés, Eric López González, Iván Prats Sánchez, Mercè García-González, Miguel José Martínez-Lirola, Manuel Ángel Rodríguez Maresca, Maria Teresa Cabezas Fernández, María Eugenia Carrillo Gil, Maria Paz Ventero Martín, Carmen Molina Pardines, Nieves Orta Mira, María Navarro Cots, Inmaculada Vidal Catalá, Isabel García Nava, Soledad Illescas Fernández-Bermejo, José Martínez-Alarcón, Marta Torres-Narbona, Cristina Colmenarejo, Lidia García-Agudo, Jorge A. Pérez García, Martín Yago López, María Ángeles Goberna Bravo, Victoria Simón García, Gonzalo Llop Furquet, Agustín Iranzo Tatay, Sandra Moreno-Marro, Noelia Lozano Rodríguez, Amparo Broseta Tamarit, Juan José Badiola Díez, Amparo Martínez-Ramírez, Ana Dopazo, Sergio Callejas, Alberto Benguría, Begoña Aguado, Antonio Alcamí, Marta Bermejo Bermejo, Ricardo Ramos-Ruíz, Víctor Manuel Fernández Soria, Fernando Simón Soria & Mercedes Roig CardellsThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the world radically since 2020. Spain was one of the European countries with the highest incidence during the first wave. As a part of a consortium to monitor and study the evolution of the epidemic, we sequenced 2,170 samples, diagnosed mostly before lockdown measures. Here, we identified at least 500 introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic clades (SECs), probably amplified by superspreading events. Both SECs were related closely to the initial Asian variants of SARS-CoV-2 and spread widely across Spain. We inferred a substantial reduction in the effective reproductive number of both SECs due to public-health interventions (Re < 1), also reflected in the replacement of SECs by a new variant over the summer of 2020. In summary, we reveal a notable difference in the initial genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain compared with other European countries and show evidence to support the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling virus spread, even for the most successful genetic variants.This work was mainly funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III project COV20/00140, with additional funding by Spanish National Research Council project CSIC-COV19-021, Ministerio de Ciencia project PID2019-104477RB-100, ERC StG 638553 and ERC CoG 101001038 to I.C., and BFU2017-89594R to F.G.C. M.C. is supported by Ramón y Cajal program from Ministerio de Ciencia and grants RTI2018-094399-A-I00 and Generalitat Valenciana (Regional Government) project SEJI/2019/011. We gratefully acknowledge Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Lab and all the international researchers and institutions that submitted sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes to the GISAID’s EpiCov Database (Supplementary Table 1), as an important part of our analyses has been made possible by the sharing of their work. We also thank Unidad de Bioinformática y Estadística, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, for allowing us to use the Computer Cluster to perform some of the bioinformatic analysis.Peer reviewe