Optimized DBD plasma actuator system for the suppression of flow separation over a NACA0012 profile

We address the problem of controlling the unsteady flow separation over an aerofoil, using plasma actuators. Despite the complexity of the dynamics of interest, we show how the problem of controlling flow separation can be formulated as a simple output regulation problem, so that a simple control strategy may be used. Different configurations are tested, in order to identify optimal positions of the actuator/sensor pairs along the aerofoil, as well as the corresponding references for the available real-time velocity measurements. A multi- objective deterministic particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to identify the set of non dominated configurations considering as objectives the time-averaged input signal and the drag- to-lift ratio. Accurate numerical simulations of incompressible flows around a NACA0012 profile at Reynolds Re = 20, 000 and angle of attack 15◦ illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, in the presence of complex nonlinear dynamics, which are neglected in the control design. Fast flow reattachment is achieved, along with both stabilisation and increase/reduction of the lift/drag, respectively. A major advantage of the presented method is that the chosen controlled outputs can be easily measured in realistic applications

Pseudomonas aeruginosa en la otitis externa canina: situación actual

Otitis externa is a frequent disease in veterinary small animal practice. Understanding its pathophysiology is important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The diagnostic protocol must be strict, where bacterial culture and antibiogram play an essential role. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and invasive microorganism, which by itself constitutes a perpetuating factor for chronic otitis. In addition to its virulence factors and intrinsic resistance to multiple drugs, it forms protective biofilms on colonized tissues, and has a great capacity to acquire genes that determine chromosomal and extra chromosomal resistance during the antibiotic treatment. Management of chronic or recurrent cases of otitis by P. aeruginosa is a constant challenge for veterinarians. Since the outer ear is a scarcely irrigated tissue, the use of systemic antimicrobials does not reach adequate local concentrations, leaving topical therapy as the first choice of treatment. Treatment success should consider application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic guidelines not only from a purely empirical conception, but also from a quantitative conception, which allows description and simulation of the effect of an antibiotic on a bacterial population as function of time through mathematical modelling of the experimental data, in order to maximize the effectiveness and minimize resistance selection.La otitis externa es una enfermedad de presentación frecuente en la práctica diaria. La comprensión de su fisiopatología es importante para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El protocolo diagnóstico debe ser estricto, siendo fundamental el rol que cumplen en estos casos el cultivo bacteriano y el antibiograma. Pseudomonas aeruginosaes un microorganismo oportunista e invasor, que constituye en sí mismo un factor perpetuante para las otitis crónicas. Además de sus factores de virulencia y la resistencia intrínseca a múltiples fármacos, forma biopelículas de protección sobre tejidos colonizados y posee gran capacidad para adquirir genes determinantes de resistencia cromosómica y extra cromosómica durante el tratamiento. Los casos crónicos o recurrentes con aislamientos de P. aeruginosa resultan un desafío constante para el veterinario. El oído externo tiene escasa irrigación, por lo cual los antimicrobianos sistémicos no alcanzan concentraciones adecuadas, siendo la terapia tópica la primera elección. El éxito terapéutico evoluciona hacia la aplicación de pautas farmacocinéticas/farmacodinámicas, desde una concepción netamente empírica hasta una concepción cuantitativa, permitiendo describir y simular el efecto de un antibiótico sobre una población bacteriana en función del tiempo, mediante la modelización matemática de los datos experimentales, con objeto de maximizar la eficacia y minimizar fenómenos de resistencia

Otitis externas crónicas recurrentes en caninos: manejo farmacológico y nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para un tratamiento exitoso

La otitis externa “crónica” canina es aquella que perdura por más de un mes, y es “recurrente” cuando ocurre más de un episodio en el transcurso de un año. Es una afección multifactorial con una fisiopatología compleja y de difícil resolución. Para el tratamiento médico es fundamental la reducción del proceso inflamatorio, el manejo del dolor y la selección racional del antimicrobiano más adecuado para minimizar los fenómenos de resistencia. Es imprescindible conocer las diferentes opciones terapéuticas que permitan reducir el daño provocado por las bacterias o levaduras, que perpetúan las otitis crónicas en los caninos, y luego abocarse al tratamiento de la enfermedad primaria. Actualmente existe un creciente progreso en la investigación de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas al uso de los antimicrobianos. Entre ellas podemos citar el uso de aceites esenciales, productos naturales como la miel y sus derivados, investigación de coadyuvantes como N-acetilcisteína o EDTA, vacunas, nano-formulaciones y el estudio de nuevos péptidos. En esta revisión se analizan las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para el manejo exitoso de las otitis crónicas y recurrentes. Las mismas pueden mejorar la calidad de vida y el bienestar del paciente, maximizar la eficacia del tratamiento y minimizar la aparición de fenómenos de resistencia antimicrobiana que afectan la salud animal, al hombre y al entorno

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in canine otitis externa: current situation

La otitis externa es una enfermedad de presentación frecuente en la práctica diaria. La comprensión de su fisiopatología es importante para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El protocolo diagnóstico debe ser estricto, siendo fundamental el rol que cumplen en estos casos el cultivo bacteriano y el antibiograma. Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un microorganismo oportunista e invasor, que constituye en sí mismo un factor perpetuante para las otitis crónicas. Además de sus factores de virulencia y la resistencia intrínseca a múltiples fármacos, forma biopelículas de protección sobre tejidos colonizados y posee gran capacidad para adquirir genes determinantes de resistencia cromosómica y extra cromosómica durante el tratamiento. Los casos crónicos o recurrentes con aislamientos de P. aeruginosa resultan un desafío constante para el veterinario. El oído externo tiene escasa irrigación, por lo cual los antimicrobianos sistémicos no alcanzan concentraciones adecuadas, siendo la terapia tópica la primera elección. El éxito terapéutico evoluciona hacia la aplicación de pautas farmacocinéticas/farmacodinámicas, desde una concepción netamente empírica hasta una concepción cuantitativa, permitiendo describir y simular el efecto de un antibiótico sobre una población bacteriana en función del tiempo, mediante la modelización matemática de los datos experimentales, con objeto de maximizar la eficacia y minimizar fenómenos de resistencia.Otitis externa is a frequent disease in veterinary small animal practice. Understanding its pathophysiology is important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The diagnostic protocol must be strict, where bacterial culture and antibiogram play an essential role. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and invasive microorganism, which by itself constitutes a perpetuating factor for chronic otitis. In addition to its virulence factors and intrinsic resistance to multiple drugs, it forms protective biofilms on colonized tissues, and has a great capacity to acquire genes that determine chromosomal and extra chromosomal resistance during the antibiotic treatment. Management of chronic or recurrent cases of otitis by P. aeruginosa is a constant challenge for veterinarians. Since the outer ear is a scarcely irrigated tissue, the use of systemic antimicrobials does not reach adequate local concentrations, leaving topical therapy as the first choice of treatment. Treatment success should consider application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic guidelines not only from a purely empirical conception, but also from a quantitative conception, which allows description and simulation ofthe effect of an antibiotic on a bacterial population as function of time through mathematicalmodelling of the experimental data, in order to maximize the effectiveness and minimize resistance selection.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in canine otitis externa: current situation

La otitis externa es una enfermedad de presentación frecuente en la práctica diaria. La comprensión de su fisiopatología es importante para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El protocolo diagnóstico debe ser estricto, siendo fundamental el rol que cumplen en estos casos el cultivo bacteriano y el antibiograma. Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un microorganismo oportunista e invasor, que constituye en sí mismo un factor perpetuante para las otitis crónicas. Además de sus factores de virulencia y la resistencia intrínseca a múltiples fármacos, forma biopelículas de protección sobre tejidos colonizados y posee gran capacidad para adquirir genes determinantes de resistencia cromosómica y extra cromosómica durante el tratamiento. Los casos crónicos o recurrentes con aislamientos de P. aeruginosa resultan un desafío constante para el veterinario. El oído externo tiene escasa irrigación, por lo cual los antimicrobianos sistémicos no alcanzan concentraciones adecuadas, siendo la terapia tópica la primera elección. El éxito terapéutico evoluciona hacia la aplicación de pautas farmacocinéticas/farmacodinámicas, desde una concepción netamente empírica hasta una concepción cuantitativa, permitiendo describir y simular el efecto de un antibiótico sobre una población bacteriana en función del tiempo, mediante la modelización matemática de los datos experimentales, con objeto de maximizar la eficacia y minimizar fenómenos de resistencia.Otitis externa is a frequent disease in veterinary small animal practice. Understanding its pathophysiology is important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The diagnostic protocol must be strict, where bacterial culture and antibiogram play an essential role. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and invasive microorganism, which by itself constitutes a perpetuating factor for chronic otitis. In addition to its virulence factors and intrinsic resistance to multiple drugs, it forms protective biofilms on colonized tissues, and has a great capacity to acquire genes that determine chromosomal and extra chromosomal resistance during the antibiotic treatment. Management of chronic or recurrent cases of otitis by P. aeruginosa is a constant challenge for veterinarians. Since the outer ear is a scarcely irrigated tissue, the use of systemic antimicrobials does not reach adequate local concentrations, leaving topical therapy as the first choice of treatment. Treatment success should consider application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic guidelines not only from a purely empirical conception, but also from a quantitative conception, which allows description and simulation ofthe effect of an antibiotic on a bacterial population as function of time through mathematicalmodelling of the experimental data, in order to maximize the effectiveness and minimize resistance selection.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in canine otitis externa: current situation

La otitis externa es una enfermedad de presentación frecuente en la práctica diaria. La comprensión de su fisiopatología es importante para su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. El protocolo diagnóstico debe ser estricto, siendo fundamental el rol que cumplen en estos casos el cultivo bacteriano y el antibiograma. Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un microorganismo oportunista e invasor, que constituye en sí mismo un factor perpetuante para las otitis crónicas. Además de sus factores de virulencia y la resistencia intrínseca a múltiples fármacos, forma biopelículas de protección sobre tejidos colonizados y posee gran capacidad para adquirir genes determinantes de resistencia cromosómica y extra cromosómica durante el tratamiento. Los casos crónicos o recurrentes con aislamientos de P. aeruginosa resultan un desafío constante para el veterinario. El oído externo tiene escasa irrigación, por lo cual los antimicrobianos sistémicos no alcanzan concentraciones adecuadas, siendo la terapia tópica la primera elección. El éxito terapéutico evoluciona hacia la aplicación de pautas farmacocinéticas/farmacodinámicas, desde una concepción netamente empírica hasta una concepción cuantitativa, permitiendo describir y simular el efecto de un antibiótico sobre una población bacteriana en función del tiempo, mediante la modelización matemática de los datos experimentales, con objeto de maximizar la eficacia y minimizar fenómenos de resistencia.Otitis externa is a frequent disease in veterinary small animal practice. Understanding its pathophysiology is important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The diagnostic protocol must be strict, where bacterial culture and antibiogram play an essential role. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and invasive microorganism, which by itself constitutes a perpetuating factor for chronic otitis. In addition to its virulence factors and intrinsic resistance to multiple drugs, it forms protective biofilms on colonized tissues, and has a great capacity to acquire genes that determine chromosomal and extra chromosomal resistance during the antibiotic treatment. Management of chronic or recurrent cases of otitis by P. aeruginosa is a constant challenge for veterinarians. Since the outer ear is a scarcely irrigated tissue, the use of systemic antimicrobials does not reach adequate local concentrations, leaving topical therapy as the first choice of treatment. Treatment success should consider application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic guidelines not only from a purely empirical conception, but also from a quantitative conception, which allows description and simulation ofthe effect of an antibiotic on a bacterial population as function of time through mathematicalmodelling of the experimental data, in order to maximize the effectiveness and minimize resistance selection.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

African swine fever in wild boar

The European Commission requested EFSA to compare the reliability of wild boar density estimates across the EU and to provide guidance to improve data collection methods. Currently, the only EU-wide available data are hunting data. Their collection methods should be harmonised to be comparable and to improve predictive models for wild boar density. These models could be validated by more precise density data, collected at local level e.g. by camera trapping. Based on practical and theoretical considerations, it is currently not possible to establish wild boar density thresholds that do not allow sustaining African swine fever (ASF). There are many drivers determining if ASF can be sustained or not, including heterogeneous population structures and human-mediated spread and there are still unknowns on the importance of different transmission modes in the epidemiology. Based on extensive literature reviews and observations from affected Member States, the efficacy of different wild boar population reduction and separation methods is evaluated. Different wild boar management strategies at different stages of the epidemic are suggested. Preventive measures to reduce and stabilise wild boar density, before ASF introduction, will be beneficial both in reducing the probability of exposure of the population to ASF and the efforts needed for potential emergency actions (i.e. less carcass removal) if an ASF incursion were to occur. Passive surveillance is the most effective and efficient method of surveillance for early detection of ASF in free areas. Following focal ASF introduction, the wild boar populations should be kept undisturbed for a short period (e.g. hunting ban on all species, leave crops unharvested to provide food and shelter within the affected area) and drastic reduction of the wild boar population may be performed only ahead of the ASF advance front, in the free populations. Following the decline in the epidemic, as demonstrated through passive surveillance, active population management should be reconsidered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

African swine fever in wild boar

The European Commission requested EFSA to compare the reliability of wild boar density estimates across the EU and to provide guidance to improve data collection methods. Currently, the only EU-wide available data are hunting data. Their collection methods should be harmonised to be comparable and to improve predictive models for wild boar density. These models could be validated by more precise density data, collected at local level e.g. by camera trapping. Based on practical and theoretical considerations, it is currently not possible to establish wild boar density thresholds that do not allow sustaining African swine fever (ASF). There are many drivers determining if ASF can be sustained or not, including heterogeneous population structures and human-mediated spread and there are still unknowns on the importance of different transmission modes in the epidemiology. Based on extensive literature reviews and observations from affected Member States, the efficacy of different wild boar population reduction and separation methods is evaluated. Different wild boar management strategies at different stages of the epidemic are suggested. Preventive measures to reduce and stabilise wild boar density, before ASF introduction, will be beneficial both in reducing the probability of exposure of the population to ASF and the efforts needed for potential emergency actions (i.e. less carcass removal) if an ASF incursion were to occur. Passive surveillance is the most effective and efficient method of surveillance for early detection of ASF in free areas. Following focal ASF introduction, the wild boar populations should be kept undisturbed for a short period (e.g. hunting ban on all species, leave crops unharvested to provide food and shelter within the affected area) and drastic reduction of the wild boar population may be performed only ahead of the ASF advance front, in the free populations. Following the decline in the epidemic, as demonstrated through passive surveillance, active population management should be reconsidered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries