Razonamiento ordinario: modelos mentales y modelos formales

En este artículo se señala la relevancia de la interacción entre los modelos mentales (psicología cognitiva) y los modelos formales (inteligencia artificial) para la construcción de modelos del razonamiento ordinario desde una perspectiva cognitiva. Del estudio comparativo de ambos modelos se derivan algunos problemas ligados a la representación de las actitudes preposicionales y asimismo se sostiene que es importante seguir manteniendo a la lógica, en un sentido amplio, como patrón-guía que nos permita articular y, posiblemente, implementar algunos de los procesos deductivos de razonamiento que han sido previamente acotados en función de nuestros intereses o basándonos en nuestras intuicione

Surgical Versus Percutaneous Occlusion of Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defects Results and Cost-Effective Considerations in a Low-Income Country

ObjectivesWe compared the effectiveness and cost of percutaneous occlusion using an Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) (AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, Minnesota) device compared with surgical closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD II) in Guatemala.BackgroundThe percutaneous occlusion of ASD II in first-world nations seems to offer better clinical results and lower cost compared with surgical closure.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical course of 111 patients referred to our institution for closure of isolated ASD II. Successful closure was assessed immediately after the procedures and at 12 months. Actual hospital costs were calculated for every patient who underwent either of the two procedures.ResultsEighty-three patients with ASD II (75%) were selected for percutaneous occlusion with the ASO device, and the remaining 28 patients (25%) underwent surgical closure. In the device group, in 72 patients (86.7%) devices were successfully deployed. At immediate and 12-month follow-up, the complete closure rate was 87.5% (63 of 72 patients) and 97.2% (70 of 71 patients), respectively. In the surgical group, all patients had successful closure immediately after the procedure and at 12 months. Surgical closure offered a 27% cost savings in comparison with percutaneous occlusion (U.S. $3,329.50 ±$411.30 and U.S. $4,521.03 ±$429.71; p < 0.001, respectively). Cost of the device (U.S. $2,930.00) proved to be the main cause for this difference.ConclusionsWe confirmed the clinical advantages of percutaneous occlusion over surgical closure of ASD II. However, percutaneous occlusion costs were higher compared with surgical closure. In Guatemala, where health care resources are limited, ASD II closure with the ASO device did not prove to be cost-effective

Razonamiento ordinario: modelos mentales y modelos formales

The aim of this paper is to point out the relevance of the interaction between mental models (cognitive psychology) and formal models (artificial intelligence), in order to build models of commonsense reasoning from a cognitive point of view. From a comparative study of both models we consider some problems related to the representation of propositional attitudes and we claim that it is important to maintain logic, in a broad sense, as a pattern for the articulation and, possibly, the implementation of some reasoning deductive processes, which have previously been chosen according to our interests or on the basis of our intuitions.En este artículo se señala la relevancia de la interacción entre los modelos mentales (psicología cognitiva) y los modelos formales (inteligencia artificial) para la construcción de modelos del razonamiento ordinario desde una perspectiva cognitiva. Del estudio comparativo de ambos modelos se derivan algunos problemas ligados a la representación de las actitudes preposicionales y asimismo se sostiene que es importante seguir manteniendo a la lógica, en un sentido amplio, como patrón-guía que nos permita articular y, posiblemente, implementar algunos de los procesos deductivos de razonamiento que han sido previamente acotados en función de nuestros intereses o basándonos en nuestras intuiciones

The association of renal tubular acidosis and cyanotic congenital heart disease

none6sinoneVida V.L.; Mack R.; Barnoya J.; Larrazabal L.A.; Lou R.; Castaneda A.R.Vida, V. L.; Mack, R.; Barnoya, J.; Larrazabal, L. A.; Lou, R.; Castaneda, A. R

A network of macrophages supports mitochondrial homeostasis in the heart

Cardiomyocytes are subjected to the intense mechanical stress and metabolic demands of the beating heart. It is unclear whether these cells, which are long-lived and rarely renew, manage to preserve homeostasis on their own. While analyzing macrophages lodged within the healthy myocardium, we discovered that they actively took up material, including mitochondria, derived from cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes ejected dysfunctional mitochondria and other cargo in dedicated membranous particles reminiscent of neural exophers, through a process driven by the cardiomyocyte’s autophagy machinery that was enhanced during cardiac stress. Depletion of cardiac macrophages or deficiency in the phagocytic receptor Mertk resulted in defective elimination of mitochondria from the myocardial tissue, activation of the inflammasome, impaired autophagy, accumulation of anomalous mitochondria in cardiomyocytes, metabolic alterations, and ventricular dysfunction. Thus, we identify an immune-parenchymal pair in the murine heart that enables transfer of unfit material to preserve metabolic stability and organ function