Epidemiology, impact and control of bovine cysticercosis in Europe : a systematic review

Background: Bovine cysticercosis in Europe has been known for centuries but the data showing the occurrence of this zoonosis are scarce. The aim of this paper is to review and present the current knowledge on bovine cysticercosis in Europe. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies published between 1990 and November 2014. Qualitative and quantitative data on prevalence, risk factors, burden and interventions were extracted and analysed. Results: Reports on prevalence were available for 23 European countries, mostly from western and central Europe; for a few of these only data before 1990 were available. Prevalence based on meat inspection was generally low (below 6.2 % in 95 % of the records) and varied between and within countries. Serology and detailed meat inspection provided a higher prevalence range (0.41–14 %). Only few studies analysing risk factors were identified. Reported factors related to access to pastures and risky waters, dairy production and uncontrolled human defecation in the proximity of the farm among others. Only one estimate of the economic impact of the disease could be identified. Recommended interventions were focused on increasing diagnostic tests sensitivity or the application of risk based surveillance strategies. Conclusions: There is a lack of complete and updated data on most countries, especially in eastern Europe. Further risk factor studies might be needed together with estimates on the burden of the disease in all European countries. Risk-based interventions are being encouraged but current data are limited to guide this approach

Epidemiology and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis and taeniosis caused by Taenia saginata in northeastern Spain (Catalonia)

Background: In Catalonia (north-eastern Spain), Taenia saginata has been described in cattle but its occurrence in humans is unclear. Moreover, whether cattle acquired the infection in Catalonia or outside Catalonia and its economic impact have not been investigated. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and spatial distribution of bovine cysticercosis in Catalonia (2008–2015), and the burden from T. saginata upon the animal and human sectors in Catalonia (2013–2015). Methods: Data on cattle diagnosed with cysticercosis at meat inspection were collected and analysed. Cattle movement history was used to identify the most likely place of bovine cysticercosis infection and to investigate its spatial distribution. Data on taeniosis treatment (niclosamide and praziquantel) costs and their supply in Catalonia as well as data on patients attending primary care with diagnosis of taeniosis were collected. The financial impact associated with T. saginata due to carcasses condemned and frozen, meat inspection and human taeniosis was estimated. Results: During 2008–2015, between 18 and 107 cattle were found positive for cysticercosis each year (prevalence at slaughter of 0.010%). Movement history was available for 44% of the infected cattle and in 53% of them Catalonia was identified as the place where the infection was acquired with highest probability. Two significant bovine cysticercosis clusters were detected. The number of patients diagnosed with taeniosis in primary care during the period 2013–2016 was 41–63/year. The overall economic impact of T. saginata (2013–2015) amounted to 154,903 €/year (95% CI: 113,075–196,762). Meat inspection accounted for 81.9% (95% CI: 75.8–86.2%) of the costs, followed by costs due to carcass condemnation and freezing (9.4%; 95% CI: 6.9–12.8%), and taeniosis-associated costs (8.7%; 95% CI: 6.7–11.6%). Costs due to freezing and condemnation of carcasses reached 19,442 €/year (95% CI: 17,528–21,391) (509 €/lightly infected carcass and 1,140 €/heavily infected carcass). Taeniosis-associated costs were estimated at 12,848.5 €/year (237 €/patient). Conclusions: The public health risk of T. saginata in the area seems to be low. The economic impact due to T. saginata was mainly attributed to meat inspection. The cost due to carcass condemnation and freezing was limited compared to the revenue of the beef sector. Developing and implementing risk-based surveillance is needed to lower the costs of meat inspection. Considering cattle movements might be useful in the development of such a strategy

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North-Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

Funding: Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació of the Generalitat de Catalunya; Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAPAMA)In September 2017, West Nile virus () lineage 2 was detected in Catalonia (Northern Spain) in northern goshawks by passive surveillance. The phylogenetic analyses showed that it was related to the Central/Southern European strains, evidencing lineage 2 spread to Western Europe. local transmission was later detected in bearded vultures housed at the Wildlife Recovery center where the goshawk was transferred to. Further studies, before the following period of high mosquito activity, indicated that had circulated intensively in poultry and horses but only surrounding of the area where the virus was detected. In other areas of Catalonia, circulation of flaviviruses different to was identified. Public Health investigations failed to detect infection in humans

Detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North‐Eastern Spain (Catalonia)

In September 2017, West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 was detected in Catalonia (Northern Spain) in northern goshawks by passive surveillance. The phylogenetic analyses showed that it was related to the Central/Southern European strains, evidencing WNV lineage 2 spread to Western Europe. WNV local transmission was later detected in bearded vultures housed at the Wildlife Recovery center where the goshawk was transferred to. Further studies, before the following period of high mosquito activity, indicated that WNV had circulated intensively in poultry and horses but only surrounding of the area where the virus was detected. In other areas of Catalonia, circulation of flaviviruses different to WNV was identified. Public Health investigations failed to detect WNV infection in humans.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A novel approach to fractional calculus: utilizing fractional integrals and derivatives of the Dirac delta function

While the definition of a fractional integral may be codified by Riemann and Liouville, an agreed-upon fractional derivative has eluded discovery for many years. This is likely a result of integral definitions including numerous constants of integration in their results. An elimination of constants of integration opens the door to an operator that reconciles all known fractional derivatives and shows surprising results in areas unobserved before, including the appearance of the Riemann Zeta Function and fractional Laplace and Fourier Transforms. A new class of functions, known as Zero Functions and closely related to the Dirac Delta Function, are necessary for one to perform elementary operations of functions without using constants. The operator also allows for a generalization of the Volterra integral equation, and provides a method of solving for Riemann's "complimentary" function introduced during his research on fractional derivatives

Epidemiology and surveillance of human (neuro)cysticercosis in Europe: is enhanced surveillance required?

Objectives To report on relevant national surveillance systems of (N)CC and taeniasis (the infection with the adult tapeworm) in the European Union/European Economic Area and to assess the magnitude of (N)CC occurrence by retrieving information on cases for the period 2000–2016. Methods (N)CC cases were retrieved via national reporting systems, a systematic literature search, contact with clinicians and a search for relevant ‘International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems’ (ICD)‐based data. Results Mandatory notification systems for (N)CC were found in Hungary, Iceland and Poland. Ten cases were reported in Poland and none in Hungary and Iceland. Through the systematic literature review and information given by clinicians, 263 individual and 721 aggregated (N)CC cases from 19 European countries were identified. ICD‐based data were obtained from five countries. From 2000 to 2016, a total of 3489 cases (N)CC cases were coded: 832 in Italy, eight in Latvia, 357 in Portugal, 2116 in Spain and 176 in Sweden. Conclusion Despite being classified as a possible eradicable disease, (N)CC is still diagnosed across Europe, yet its true extent and impact remain unclear.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

is enhanced surveillance required?

OBJECTIVES: To report on relevant national surveillance systems of (N)CC and taeniasis (the infection with the adult tapeworm) in the European Union/European Economic Area, and to assess the magnitude of (N)CC occurrence by retrieving information on cases for the period 2000-2016. METHODS: (N)CC cases were retrieved via national reporting systems, a systematic literature search, contact with clinicians, and a search for relevant "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" (ICD)-based data. RESULTS: Mandatory notification systems for (N)CC were found in Hungary, Iceland and Poland. Ten cases were reported in Poland and none in Hungary and Iceland. Through the systematic literature review and information given by clinicians, 263 individual and 721 aggregated (N)CC cases from 19 European countries were identified. ICD-based data were obtained from five countries. From 2000 to 2016, a total of 3,489 cases (N)CC cases were coded: 832 in Italy, 8 in Latvia, 357 in Portugal, 2116 in Spain and 176 in Sweden. CONCLUSION: Despite being classified as a possible eradicable disease, (N)CC is still diagnosed across Europe, yet its true extent and impact remain unclear.publishersversionpublishe

Epidemiology and surveillance of human (neuro)cysticercosis in Europe : is enhanced surveillance required?

Objectives To report on relevant national surveillance systems of (N)CC and taeniasis (the infection with the adult tapeworm) in the European Union/European Economic Area and to assess the magnitude of (N)CC occurrence by retrieving information on cases for the period 2000-2016. Methods (N)CC cases were retrieved via national reporting systems, a systematic literature search, contact with clinicians and a search for relevant 'International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems' (ICD)-based data. Results Mandatory notification systems for (N)CC were found in Hungary, Iceland and Poland. Ten cases were reported in Poland and none in Hungary and Iceland. Through the systematic literature review and information given by clinicians, 263 individual and 721 aggregated (N)CC cases from 19 European countries were identified. ICD-based data were obtained from five countries. From 2000 to 2016, a total of 3489 cases (N)CC cases were coded: 832 in Italy, eight in Latvia, 357 in Portugal, 2116 in Spain and 176 in Sweden. Conclusion Despite being classified as a possible eradicable disease, (N)CC is still diagnosed across Europe, yet its true extent and impact remain unclear

Epidemiology of taeniosis and cysticercosis in Europe

Taenia solium i Taenia saginata són dos paràsits zoonòtics que causen teniasi en persones (hoste definitiu) i cisticercosi en porcí i boví (hoste intermediari), respectivament. A Europa, T. saginata ha estat present durant segles, tanmateix hi ha poca informació sobre l’ocurrència i impacte d’aquest agent zoonòtic. T. solium es considera absent a Europa però les dades existents sobre aquest paràsit són escasses. En conseqüència, les dades sobre la incidència i prevalença de T. saginata i T. solium en persones i animals a Europa són incompletes i es troben fragmentades. En aquest context, la present tesi va tenir per objectiu general avançar en el coneixement de l’epidemiologia de T. saginata i T. solium a Europa. L’estudi I d’aquesta tesi va consistir en una revisió sistemàtica d’estudis publicats entre 1990 i 2014 que va tenir com a objectiu compilar el coneixement actual sobre l’epidemiologia, impacte i control de la cisticercosi bovina a Europa. Els resultats d’aquest estudi van indicar que existeix una mancança de dades epidemiològiques completes i actualitzades en la majoria de països, especialment en els països de l’Est d’Europa. A més a més, es va concloure que la falta d’informació epidemiològica limita el desenvolupament d’estratègies de vigilància basades en risc i es va recomanar la realització d’estudis de factors de risc per guiar aquestes estratègies. En l’estudi II es va actualitzar el coneixement de l’epidemiologia de T. saginata i T. solium en persones i animals a Europa Occidental a través d’una revisió sistemàtica de literatura científica i grisa publicada entre 1990 i 2015. Igualment, es va realitzar una cerca de dades sobre casos a través d’experts locals en els diferents països. Els resultats van indicar que és necessari millorar tant la detecció com la notificació de les teniasis humanes a Europa Occidental. A més a més, es van identificar casos de persones portadores de la forma adulta de T. solium, casos de cisticercosi humana sospitosos de ser autòctons i casos de T. solium en porcí sense confirmació molecular. Aquestes troballes, juntament amb un augment de la migració des d’àrees on T. solium és endèmic, podrien constituir un risc per a la salut pública i mereixen una major atenció. A més a més, aquest estudi va concloure que els casos sospitosos de T. solium en porcs haurien de confirmar-se amb tècniques moleculars, que tant les teniasis com la cisticercosi humana haurien de ser notificables i que s’hauria de millora la vigilància i notificació en animals. L’estudi III va tenir com a objectiu estimar la prevalença i distribució espacial de la cisticercosi bovina (2008–2015) i l’impacte de T. saginata en sanitat animal i humana (2013–2015) en el nord-est d’Espanya (Catalunya). Durant 2008–2015 es va detectar una prevalença a escorxador de 0.010%. A partir dels registres de moviments de bovins es va identificar el lloc on els animals s’haurien infectat amb una major probabilitat i es va investigar la seva distribució espacial. Tenint en compte la granja on la infecció s’hauria produït amb més probabilitat, es van detectar dos conglomerats. El nombre de pacients amb diagnòstic de teniasi en atenció primària durant 2013–2016 va ser petit (41–63/any) suggerint que el risc en salut pública de T. saginata en l’àrea d’estudi és baix. L’impacte econòmic de T. saginata a Catalunya durant 2013–2015 es va calcular considerant els costos de la inspecció postmortem, les pèrdues causades pel decomís i congelació de canals i els costos associats a casos de teniasis. Els resultats obtinguts van indicar que l’impacte econòmic de T. saginata s’atribueix principalment a la inspecció postmortem i que el desenvolupament d’estratègies de vigilància basades en risc podria ser útil per reduir aquest cost. Els resultats també van evidenciar la importància de tenir en compte la traçabilitat dels animals per al desenvolupament d’aquesta estratègia.Taenia solium y Taenia saginata son dos parásitos zoonóticos que causan teniasis en personas (hospedador definitivo) y cisticercosis en cerdos y en ganado vacuno (hospedador intermediario), respectivamente. En Europa, T. saginata ha estado presente durante siglos, sin embargo hay poca información acerca de la ocurrencia e impacto de este agente zoonótico. T. solium se considera ausente en Europa pero los datos existentes sobre este parásito son escasos. En consecuencia, los datos sobre la incidencia y prevalencia de T. saginata y T. solium en personas y animales en Europa son incompletos y se encuentran fragmentados. En este contexto, la presente tesis tuvo por objeto general avanzar en el conocimiento de la epidemiología de T. saginata y T. solium en Europa. El estudio I de esta tesis consistió en una revisión sistemática de estudios publicados entre 1990 y 2014 que tuvo como objetivo compilar el conocimiento actual sobre la epidemiología, impacto y control de la cisticercosis bovina en Europa. Los resultados de este estudio indicaron que existe una carencia de datos epidemiológicos completos y actualizados en la mayoría de países, especialmente en los países del Este de Europa. Además, se concluyó que la falta de información epidemiológica limita el desarrollo de estrategias de vigilancia basadas en riesgo y se recomendó la realización de estudios de factores de riesgo para guiar dichas estrategias. En el estudio II se actualizó el conocimiento de la epidemiología de T. saginata y T. solium en personas y animales en Europa Occidental a través de una revisión sistemática de literatura científica y gris publicada entre 1990 y 2015. Así mismo, se realizó una búsqueda de datos sobre casos a través de expertos locales en los diferentes países. Los resultados indicaron que es necesario mejorar tanto la detección como la notificación de las teniasis humanas en Europa Occidental. Además, se identificaron casos de personas portadoras de la forma adulta de T. solium, casos de cisticercosis humana sospechosos de ser autóctonos y casos de T. solium en cerdos sin confirmación molecular. Estos hallazgos, junto con un aumento de la migración desde áreas donde T. solium es endémico, podrían constituir un riesgo para la salud pública y merecen una mayor atención. Además, este estudio concluyó que los casos sospechosos de T. solium en cerdos deberían confirmarse con técnicas moleculares, que tanto las teniasis como la cisticercosis humana deberían ser notificables y que se debería mejorar la vigilancia y notificación en animales. El estudio III tuvo como objetivo estimar la prevalencia y distribución espacial de la cisticercosis bovina (2008–2015) y el impacto de T. saginata en sanidad animal y humana (2013–2015) en el noreste de España (Cataluña). Durante 2008–2015 se detectó una prevalencia en matadero de 0.010%. A partir de los registros de movimientos de bovino se identificó el lugar donde los animales se habrían infectado con mayor probabilidad y se investigó su distribución espacial. Teniendo en cuenta la granja en la que con mayor probabilidad se habría producido la infección, se detectaron dos conglomerados. El número de pacientes con diagnóstico de teniasis en atención primaria durante 2013–2016 fue pequeño (41–63/año) sugiriendo que el riesgo en salud pública de T. saginata en el área de estudio es bajo. El impacto económico de T. saginata en Cataluña durante 2013–2015 se calculó considerando los costes de la inspección postmortem, las pérdidas causadas por el decomiso y congelación de canales y los costes asociados a casos de teniasis. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el impacto económico de T. saginata se debe principalmente a la inspección postmortem y que el desarrollo de estrategias de vigilancia basadas en riesgo podría ser útil para reducir dicho coste. Los resultados también evidenciaron la importancia de tener en cuenta la trazabilidad de los animales para el desarrollo de dicha estrategia.Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two zoonotic parasites that cause taeniosis in humans (definitive host) and cysticercosis in pigs and cattle (intermediate host), respectively. In Europe, T. saginata has been present for centuries but data showing the occurrence and burden of this zoonotic agent are scarce. T. solium is considered absent in Europe but data about this parasite in this region are limited. In consequence, data on T. saginata and T. solium occurrence in humans and animals in Europe are incomplete and fragmented. In this context, the general aim of this thesis was to advance the knowledge of the epidemiology of T. saginata and T. solium in Europe. In study I a systematic review of studies published between 1990 and 2014 was conducted to present the current knowledge on the epidemiology, impact and control of bovine cysticercosis in Europe. The results of this study indicated that there is a lack of complete and updated epidemiological data in most countries, especially in eastern Europe. Moreover, it concluded that this lack of information is a limitation to guide risk-based interventions against the disease. Conducting studies on risk factors was recommended in order to guide such strategies. In study II, the knowledge on the epidemiology of T. saginata and T. solium in humans and animals in western Europe was updated by undertaking a systematic review of scientific and grey literature published from 1990 to 2015. Additionally, data about disease occurrence were actively sought by contacting local experts in the different countries. The results of this study indicated that the detection and reporting of human taeniosis in western Europe needs to be improved. Furthermore, the study identified reports of T. solium tapeworm carriers, of suspected autochthonous cases of human cysticercosis and of suspected cases of T. solium in pigs without molecular confirmation. These findings, combined with the increased migration from T. solium endemic areas, may constitute a public health risk that deserves further attention. Moreover, in this study it was concluded that suspected cases of T. solium in pigs should be confirmed by molecular methods, that both taeniosis and human cysticercosis should be notifiable and surveillance and reporting in animals should be improved. Study III of this thesis aimed to estimate the prevalence and spatial distribution of bovine cysticercosis (2008–2015) and the burden from T. saginata upon the animal and human sectors (2013–2015) in northeastern Spain (Catalonia). During 2008–2015 a mean prevalence of 0.010% was detected at slaughter. Cattle movement history was used to identify the place where cattle most likely became infected and to investigate its spatial distribution. Based on the farm where the infection was acquired with highest probability, two significant bovine cysticercosis clusters were detected in Catalonia. The number of patients diagnosed with taeniosis in primary care during the period 2013–2016 was low (41–63/year) suggesting that the public health risk of T. saginata in the study area is low. The economic impact of T. saginata in Catalonia during 2013–2015 was estimated considering costs of meat inspection, losses due to carcass condemnation and freezing and taeniosis-associated costs. The results obtained indicated that the economic impact due to T. saginata was mainly attributed to meat inspection and suggested that developing and implementing a risk-based surveillance is needed to lower these costs. Results also indicated that cattle movements need to be taken into account in the development of such a strategy