Philippine Political Party System

Extract from Journal, Southeast Asian History; March 196

EU-stöd inom fårproduktion på Öland jämfört med Småland/fastlandet

The Sheep is the oldest livestock, and has been in Sweden for 4-5000 years. Thanks to that you can obtain skin, as well wool and meat. Therefore it was an important animal. Sheep production has increased, strongly lately due to the pasture support. The purpose of this paper is to find out what kind of different EU-subsidies you can get and to compare the subsidies in Öland and the main land. Sheeps are very good conservationist with grass, bushes and herbs, because of different grazing lands hardness and growth is it important to control the pasturage strain. A good way to regulate this is to have different enclosed pasture to switch between. I have been studying the different EU-subsidies. The new form of subsidies were introduced the first of January 2005 and replaced among other things area based income support and most of the head age support. A subsidy has changed in order to fulfil the demand of customers instead of grants the production. The subsidies don't depend on how much you produce. I have also been looking at the different aid schemes for the environment, amount and the care condition there is. The purpose with the different pasture compensation is to maintain the cultivation landscape. This study contains different examples of farming with sheep production. I have also been calculating on the farms without sheeps. In the result you can see that it is more profitable in spite of the fact that the subsidies to have sheep on Öland when you can make the most of much pastures as the "Alvaret" compared to the main land where the pastures are more limited.Fåret är det äldsta husdjuret och har funnits 4-5000 år i Sverige. Tack vare att man kunde få ut både skinn, ull och kött så var det ett viktigt husdjur. Fårproduktionen har ökat kraftigt på senare år på grund av betesstöden. Syftet med mitt arbete är att reda ut och undersöka vilka olika EU-stöd man kan få, samt att jämföra stöden på Öland och fastlandet. Får är mycket bra som naturvårdare, på grund av att de äter både gräs, buskar och olika andra växter. Med tanke på att olika marker har olika tålighet och tillväxt, så gäller det att ha kontroll på betestrycket. Ett bra sätt att reglera detta är att ha flera olika betesfållor att skifta mellan. Jag har tagit upp de olika EU-stöden. Det nya gårdsstödet infördes första januari 2005, och ersätter bland annat arealersättningen och de flesta djurbidragen. Stödet skall göra så att konsumenternas efterfrågan och inte bidragen styr produktionen. Stöden är oberoende av vad och hur mycket som produceras. Jag har också tagit upp de olika miljöersättningarna, stödbeloppen och skötselvillkoren som finns. Syftet med de olika betesersättningarna är att bevara odlingslandskapet öppet. Denna studie omfattar olika gårdsexempel där man har fårproduktion, jag har också räknat på gårdarna utan fåren. I slutsatsen ser man att det är mer lönsamt, med tanke på betesstöden, att ha får på Öland där man kan utnyttja mycket större betesmarker, som alvaret, jämfört med fastlandet där betesmarker är mer begränsade

Networks and Groups in Southeast Asia: Some Observations on the Group Theory of Politics

Reprinted from The American Political Science Review (Vol. LXVII, No.1) March, 197

Fluctuation Domains in Adaptive Evolution

We derive an expression for the variation between parallel trajectories in phenotypic evolution, extending the well known result that predicts the mean evolutionary path in adaptive dynamics or quantitative genetics. We show how this expression gives rise to the notion of fluctuation domains - parts of the fitness landscape where the rate of evolution is very predictable (due to fluctuation dissipation) and parts where it is highly variable (due to fluctuation enhancement). These fluctuation domains are determined by the curvature of the fitness landscape. Regions of the fitness landscape with positive curvature, such as adaptive valleys or branching points, experience enhancement. Regions with negative curvature, such as adaptive peaks, experience dissipation. We explore these dynamics in the ecological scenarios of implicit and explicit competition for a limiting resource

An Evolutionary Hypothesis of Binary Opposition in Functional Incompatibility about Habenular Asymmetry in Vertebrates

Many vertebrates have asymmetrical circuits in the nervous system. There are two types of circuit asymmetry. Asymmetrical circuits in sensory and/or motor systems are usually related to lateralized behaviors. It has been hypothesized that spatial asymmetry in the environment and/or social interactions has led to the evolution of asymmetrical circuits by natural selection. There are also asymmetrical circuits that are not related to lateralized behaviors. These circuits lie outside of the sensory and motor systems. A typical example is found in the habenula (Hb), which has long been known to be asymmetrical in many vertebrates, but has no remarkable relationship to lateralized behaviors. Instead, the Hb is a hub wherein information conveyed to the unilateral Hb is relayed to diverging bilateral nuclei, which is unlikely to lead to lateralized behavior. Until now, there has been no hypothesis regarding the evolution of Hb asymmetry. Here, we propose a new hypothesis that binary opposition in functional incompatibility applies selection pressure on the habenular circuit and leads to asymmetry. Segregation of the incompatible functions on either side of the habenula is likely to enhance information processing ability via creating shorter circuits and reducing the cost of circuit duplication, resulting in benefits for survival. In zebrafish and mice, different evolutionary strategies are thought to be involved in Hb asymmetry. In zebrafish, which use a strategy of structurally fixed asymmetry, the asymmetrical dorsal Hb leads to constant behavioral choices in binary opposition. In contrast, in mice, which use a strategy of functionally flexible lateralization, the symmetrical lateral Hb is functionally lateralized. This makes it possible to process complicated information and to come to variable behavioral choices, depending on the specific situation. These strategies are thought to be selected for and preserved by evolution under selection pressures of rigidity and flexibility of sociability in zebrafish and mice, respectively, as they are beneficial for survival. This hypothesis is highly valuable because it explains how the Hb evolved differently in terms of asymmetry and lateralization among different species. In addition, one can propose possible experiments for the verification of this hypothesis in future research

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Rapid Transition towards the Division of Labor via Evolution of Developmental Plasticity

A crucial step in several major evolutionary transitions is the division of labor between components of the emerging higher-level evolutionary unit. Examples include the separation of germ and soma in simple multicellular organisms, appearance of multiple cell types and organs in more complex organisms, and emergence of casts in eusocial insects. How the division of labor was achieved in the face of selfishness of lower-level units is controversial. I present a simple mathematical model describing the evolutionary emergence of the division of labor via developmental plasticity starting with a colony of undifferentiated cells and ending with completely differentiated multicellular organisms. I explore how the plausibility and the dynamics of the division of labor depend on its fitness advantage, mutation rate, costs of developmental plasticity, and the colony size. The model shows that the transition to differentiated multicellularity, which has happened many times in the history of life, can be achieved relatively easily. My approach is expandable in a number of directions including the emergence of multiple cell types, complex organs, or casts of eusocial insects

Philippines, The

Extract from Education and Political Development, 196