Mediar la ipseidad : una introducción a la recepción crítica de la fenomenología husserliana en Paul Ricœur.

Más que proponer un análisis comparado entre la totalidad del corpus conceptual de la fenomenología de Edmund Husserl y la hermenéutica de sí de Paul Ricœur, el presente ensayo tiene por propósito delinear ciertos aspectos generales de la crítica ricoeuriana hacia las tesis fundamentales de las Meditaciones Cartesianas (1931), de tal modo que pueda constituirse como una introducción básica y general al pensamiento fenomenológico-hermenéutico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, manteniendo siempre por referencia la recepción crítica de la fenomenología trascendental en la obra de dicho filósofo francés. Para lograr esto, exhibiremos, en primer lugar, el contenido filosófico primordial de las Meditaciones (sus tesis y argumentos principales) para luego pasar, en segundo lugar, a la distinción de aquellos elementos que serán rescatados por Ricœur para su proyecto de conciliación fenomenológica-hermenéutica, al mismo tiempo que señalaremos su respectiva crítica al cogito trascendental (entendido por Husserl a modo primera intuición o aprehensión apodíctica fenoménica) y cómo éste será reformulado, finalmente, bajo la idea de interpretación para la ulterior configuración de una hermenéutica de sí

Deuteration in infrared dark clouds

Much of the dense gas in molecular clouds has a filamentary structure but the detailed structure and evolution of this gas is poorly known. We have observed 54 cores in infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) using N2H+ (1−0) and (3−2) to determine the kinematics of the densest material, where stars will form. We also observed N2D+ (3−2) towards 29 of the brightest peaks to analyse the level of deuteration which is an excellent probe of the quiescent of the early stages of star formation. There were 13 detections of N2D+ (3−2). This is one of the largest samples of IRDCs yet observed in these species. The deuteration ratio in these sources ranges between 0.003 and 0.14. For most of the sources the material traced by N2D+ and N2H+ (3−2) still has significant turbulent motions, however three objects show subthermal N2D+ velocity dispersion. Surprisingly the presence or absence of an embedded 70μm source shows no correlation with the detection of N2D+ (3−2), nor does it correlate with any change in velocity dispersion or excitation temperature. Comparison with recent models of deuteration suggest evolutionary time-scales of these regions of several free-fall times or less

De protagonistas a denegados: el doble trauma en un caso de relocalización post-incendio en Valparaíso, Chile

Indexación: Scopus.In this article, we analyze the process of resettlement, carried out by the State, of a group of victims of the mega-fire in the city of Valparaíso, Chile, in 2014. Based on a qualitative approach, the aim is to demonstrate how this disaster constitutes a double trauma for families affected,: On the one hand, the fire destabilizes lifestyles; on the other hand, through the resettlement process, the State reduces the lived experience to the delivery of social housing, which is perceived by the community as an abandonment. We characterize this process as the transition from leading role to refusal, that is, to the denial of the validity and veracity of the experience through of post-disaster resettlement.https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/ScriptaNova/article/view/2246

Micropolíticas del movimiento: aportes metodológicos desde la investigación cualitativa crítica

There is not much development of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical implications of adopting a feminist stance in social and urban research. In this text, three qualitative researchers venture to the challenge posed by the reflective exercise of putting in the foreground and in the first person their onto-epistemological positions in the methodological design of social research, especially when they are applied in uneven urban contexts. Based on their own experiences producing qualitative data in motion in the cities of Chaitén, Santiago and Barcelona, key guidelines are offered to make qualitative research a way of building conscious knowledge of the logics of power, thus avoiding the risk of calling it a critical discipline only as a way of renaming it, devoid of its ethical, political and practical implication. Existe poco desarrollo de las implicancias teóricas, metodológicas y empíricas de adoptar una postura feminista en investigación social y urbana. En el presente texto, tres investigadoras cualitativas se aventuran al desafío que supone el ejercicio reflexivo de traer al frente y en primera persona sus posiciones onto-epistemológicas en el diseño metodológico de la investigación social, en especial cuando son aplicadas en contextos urbanos desiguales. A partir de sus propias experiencias produciendo datos cualitativos en movimiento en las ciudades de Chaitén, Santiago y Barcelona, se ofrecen lineamientos claves para hacer de la investigación cualitativa un modo de construir conocimiento consciente de las lógicas de poder, evitando así el riesgo de apellidar crítica a la disciplina sólo como una forma de rebautizarla, vacía de su impacto ético, político y práctico

Localized delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 via layer-by-layer self-assembling peptide coating on nanofibers for neural tissue engineering

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) systems have a wide variety of applications besides precise genome editing. In particular, the CRISPR/dCas9 system can be used to control specific gene expression by CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) or interference (CRISPRi). However, the safety concerns associated with viral vectors and the possible off-target issues of systemic administration remain huge concerns to be safe delivery methods for CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In this study, a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembling peptide (SAP) coating on nanofibers is developed to mediate localized delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 systems. Specifically, an amphiphilic negatively charged SAP− is first coated onto PCL nanofibers through strong hydrophobic interactions, and the pDNA complexes and positively charged SAP+-RGD are then absorbed via electrostatic interactions. The SAP-coated scaffolds facilitate efficient loading and sustained release of the pDNA complexes, while enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation. As a proof of concept, the scaffolds are used to activate GDNF expression in mammalian cells, and the secreted GDNF subsequently promotes neurite outgrowth of rat neurons. These promising results suggest that the LbL self-assembling peptide coated nanofibers can be a new route to establish a bioactive interface, which provides a simple and efficient platform for the delivery of CRISPR/dCas9 systems for regenerative medicine.Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Ministry of Education (MOE)Accepted versio

MANUEL DE LANDA: MATERIALISMO Y POLÍTICA: Traducción, presentación y notas por Benjamín Figueroa Lackington

Problematizar sobre las alternativas teóricas para entender al mundo más allá del idealismo trascendental es, quizás, una de las tareas más difíciles que puede hoy en día asumir la filosofía. Abrir la reflexión más allá del relativismo cognitivo, del solipsismo fenomenológico, o de las formas más vulgares del materialismo es una tarea que Manuel de Landa (1952) ha tomado en su singular proyecto filosófico. Mexicano de nacimiento, pero anglosajón de  formación, De Landa se ha propuesto extraer una ontología realista desde la obra de Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995) y Félix Guattari (1930–1992), tentativa que no llama la atención solo por su tremenda actualidad política, sino también por su enorme lucidez y comprensión del pensamiento de estos dos autores

Advanced Scaffold-Based Therapeutics for Peripheral Nerve Repair

Despite the success of tissue engineered nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) for the treatment of small peripheral nerve injuries, autografts remain the clinical gold standard for larger injuries. Therefore, there is a substantial unmet clinical need for the development of more advanced NGC-based therapies for peripheral nerve repair. In this context, the overall objective of the research presented in this thesis was to develop an advanced NGC-based therapeutic for peripheral nerve repair, initially by engineering a neuroconductive and physicochemically optimized biphasic NGC, which was then functionalized for the controlled delivery of neurotrophic factors in order to accelerate nerve repair. Finally, this biphasic NGC was utilized as an innovative non-viral gene delivery platform in order to elicit a sustained but transient therapeutic response from endogenous cells. In Chapter 2, a biphasic NGC was successfully developed, combining a physicochemically optimized collagen-based outer conduit to bridge the site of injury, and a neuroconductive hyaluronic acid (HyA)-based luminal filler to support nerve repair across it. The natural polymers collagen and HyA were selected as the primary biomaterial components of the NGC – taking advantage of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional properties, including collagen’s mechanical tunability, and HyA’s neuroconductivity. Altering the degree of crosslinking and collagen density allowed us to fine-tune a highly permeable and porous construct to limit the potential risk of neuroma formation, with physiologically relevant tensile strength and resistance to enzymatic degradation. The addition of laminin, an important basal lamina component, to the luminal filler, significantly enhanced the in vitro biological response supporting Schwann cell attachment, neural progenitor cell differentiation and axonal outgrowth from adult dorsal root ganglia. Ultimately, the in vivo efficacy of the biphasic NGC was demonstrated in terms of both morphological and functional recovery across a 10 mm sciatic nerve injury in rats. While the results from Chapter 2 were promising, in Chapter 3 we sought to enhance the regenerative capacity of the biphasic NGC by utilizing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles in order to control the delivery of two neurotrophic factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). PLGA microparticles were found to be suitable carriers capable of controlling neurotrophic factor delivery with biphasic release kinetics, which were characterized by an immediate diffusion-mediated burst release followed by degradation-mediated release by day 14-21, complementing the expression of NGF and GDNF following injury. When the optimized microparticles were incorporated into the luminal filler component of the NGC, they were shown to exhibit long-term, tandem, and controlled release of NGF and GDNF with sustained bioactivity, which was capable of enhancing the biological activity of both neuronal cells and Schwann cells in a dose-dependent manner. When both neurotrophic factors were delivered in combination, they were found to further accelerate neurite outgrowth, Schwann cell neurotrophic factor production and migration, and axonal outgrowth from adult dorsal root ganglia. In Chapter 4, a highly novel gene activated NGC for peripheral nerve repair was developed by incorporating non-viral polyethyleneimine-plasmid DNA (PEI-pDNA) nanoparticles, which were shown to be highly efficient for transfecting Schwann cells without significant associated cytotoxicity. When this system was used to deliver genes encoding for NGF, GDNF and the transcription factor c-Jun, it was shown to be capable of eliciting a positive therapeutic response from endogenous Schwann cells and neuronal cells. While all three genes showed therapeutic potential, delivery of the gene encoding for c-Jun showed the greatest capacity to accelerate axonal outgrowth and Schwann cell cytokine production. Ultimately, our gene activated NGC construct was shown to be capable of transfecting both Schwann cells and neuronal cells, exhibiting sustained but transient levels of enhanced neurotrophic factor protein production over time while demonstrating therapeutic potential by accelerating neurite outgrowth. In summary, the research presented in this thesis has led to the development of a novel biphasic NGC for peripheral nerve repair, which is capable of being used as a platform for the controlled delivery of neurotrophic factor or as a gene activated system offering an innovative and cost-effective approach to control the timing, release and provide a sustained level of therapeutic protein production to potentially accelerate nerve repair.</p

Continuous measurement of net potassium movements in rat brain cortex suspensions. Effects of glutamate, veratridine, creatine and other substances

Net K fluxes in in vitro suspensions of sliced rat brain cortex were studied by means of a K-sensitive electrode. When incubation was in 3 mM K, a net K efflux occurred. It could be resolved into two first-order rate constants: k1=0.486 min-1, and k2=0.0102 min-1, that originated from compartments that contained 18% and 82% of tissue K, respectively. k1 Was suppressed by tetrodotoxin (TTX), and k2 was increased 38-fold by veratridine. The latter effect was blocked by TTX, methylphenidate (1 mM), creatine (25 mM), apamin (50 nM), quinine (100 μM), verapamil (22 μM) or D-600 (38 μM). Net K loss was greatly increased by 1 mM ouabain, and enhanced by sodium azide plus iodoacetamide, but not by 0.1 M ethanol. Glutamate (5 mM) induced a considerable and rapid net uptake of K, while aspartate or N-methylaspartate increased K efflux. © 1986

Cuando el dispositivo de investigación pone en escena lo investigado: intersubjetividad e intimidad en Chile

In qualitative research, the Biographical Approach in Social Sciences is based on the idea that knowledge is co-constructed and held upon participant-researchers’ intersubjectivity and reciprocity. Also, reflexivity is a useful tool shared among qualitative researchers as it is a way to build rigorous and collaborative knowledge, recalling that the researcher participates in the data production process. While many qualitative researchers agree in the importance to include the researcher’s subjectivity into the investigation process, methodological revisions on the know-how are still incipient. This paper aims to discuss this epistemological-methodological issue in qualitative social sciences through the analysis of participant-researcher’s interactions, during the production of Life Stories in a research held between 2013 and 2015 about intimacy and couple relationships in Chile. We conclude that the participant-researcher’s interaction is a symbolic scenario that opens new ways to analyze the studied phenomenon; whereas setting, interlocution and dialogue are key elements enlightening subject-society processes, in the context of a hypermodern society where intimacy is challenged.Si bien hay un relativo consenso en los abordajes cualitativos respecto a la necesidad de incorporar la subjetividad del investigador en la producción del conocimiento social, la propuesta metodológica respecto de cómo hacerlo es aún incipiente. Para avanzar en esta discusión epistemológico-metodológica, el presente artículo sitúa su discusión dentro del enfoque biográfico en investigación social y los aportes de la Sociología Clínica francesa, dando un lugar primordial a la noción de intersubjetividad para comprender cómo se produce el dato cualitativo como conocimiento situado, reflexivo y co-producido entre investigador/a y participante. Para abordar un análisis del quehacer práctico de la reflexividad y la intersubjetividad en la investigación social, revisitaremos una investigación Fondecyt realizada entre el 2013 y 2015 cuyo tema fueron las relaciones de pareja e intimidad en Chile, con el fin de analizar interacciones específicas entre el/la investigador(a) y el/la participante durante la producción de Relatos de Vida. Los resultados del presente artículo refieren que la interacción investigador(a)-participante es un escenario simbólico que reproduce aspectos novedosos del fenómeno estudiado. El análisis de elementos particulares del dispositivo de investigación, como el encuadre, interlocución y diálogo, permite identificar algunas características propias del fenómeno psicosocial estudiado