Effet à retardement de l'ouverture de la canopée et de l'hydropériode sur le développement, la sélection d'habitat et la survie de la grenouille des bois

La variation des conditions environnementales pendant le développement larvaire peut engendrer des effets à retardement sur des stades ultérieurs d’un individu. L’exploitation forestière (coupes forestières, prélévement de biomasse) modifie les microhabitats terrestres et aquatiques des amphibiens en perturbant les conditions environnementales et la qualité de l’habitat. Notre projet visait à comprendre l’impact de l’ouverture de la canopée et la variation de l’hydropériode sur le développement larvaire de la grenouille des bois (Lithobates sylvaticus) ainsi que l’effet à retardement de ces conditions sur la survie et la sélection d’habitats des juvéniles. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le développement des têtards est plus rapide avec une hydropériode réduite en canopée ouverte qu’en canopée fermée, mais que cela occasionne un coût physiologique lors de la métamorphose. Nous avons suivi le développement de 1440 têtards de grenouille des bois dans 24 mésocosmes disposés en 4 blocs complets aléatoires en forêt boréale mixte dans la région de l’Abitibi en faisant varier la canopée (ouverte ou fermée) et l’hydropériode (réduite ou constante). Après leur métamorphose, 275 juvéniles préalablement marqués ont été placés dans 3 enclos expérimentaux contenant chacun une combinaison de deux traits des débris ligneux, à savoir, leur configuration spatiale (agrégée ou homogène) et leur taille (fin ou grossier). À l’aide de modèles de capture-marquage-recapture, nous avons estimé la survie et la sélection d’habitats des juvéniles. Nos résultats montrent un développement plus rapide en canopée ouverte avec une réduction de l’hydropériode, mais que les individus ont une masse et une taille plus petite à la métamorphose que dans les autres traitements. De plus, en milieu terrestre, la sélection d’habitats des juvéniles n’était pas influencée ni par l’hydropériode ni par l’ouverture de la canopée subie pendant le stade larvaire. De plus, la survie des juvéniles de grenouille des bois en milieu terrestre ne semble pas varier à court terme dans notre étude. Globalement, nous n’avons détecté aucun effet de report des conditions pendant le stade larvaire sur la survie et le comportement des juvéniles en milieu terrestre. Mots-clés : amphibien, développement larvaire, métamorphose, survie, hydropériode, ouverture de canopée, juvénile, sélection d’habitats, enclos terrestre, capture-marquage-recapture.Environmental variation during the development of an individual can have long-term effects at later life stages. Logging (cut and biomass harvesting) modifies the terrestrial and aquatic microhabitats of amphibians by disrupting environmental conditions and habitat quality. Our project aimed at understanding the impact of opening the stand canopy and hydroperiod on the larval development of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) as well as the delayed effect of this impact on the survival and habitat selection of juveniles. We hypothesized that the development of tadpoles is faster with reduced hydroperiod under open canopies than under closed canopies, but that this incurs a physiological cost after metamorphosis. We followed the development of 1440 wood frog tadpoles in 24 mesocosms arranged in four randomized complete block designs varying canopy openness (open or closed) and hydroperiod (reduced or constant). After metamorphosis, we marked 275 metamorphs from the mesocosms and released individuals in terrestrial enclosures varying the spatial configuration (aggregated or homogeneous) and size (fine or coarse) of coarse woody debris. Using capture-mark-recapture models, we estimated the survival and habitat selection of juveniles. Tadpoles developed more quickly under an open canopy and a reduced hydroperiod than in other treatments, but reached a smaller size at metamorphosis. Habitat selection by juveniles was neither influenced by the hydroperiod nor the opening of the forest canopy during the larval stage. In addition, we found no evidence of short-term delayed effects on the survival of juveniles in the terrestrial environment. Overall, our study shows the absence of a delayed effect of larval conditions on the survival and behavior of juveniles in terrestrial environments. Keywords : amphibian, larval development, metamorphosis, survival, hydroperiod, canopy opening, juvenile, habitat selection, terrestrial enclosure, capture-mark-recapture

Patterns of foraging activity and fidelity in a Southeast Asian flying fox

Background: Improved understanding of the foraging ecology of bats in the face of ongoing habitat loss and modification worldwide is essential to their conservation and maintaining the substantial ecosystem services they provide. It is also fundamental to assessing potential transmission risks of zoonotic pathogens in human-wildlife interfaces. We evaluated the influence of environmental and behavioral variables on the foraging patterns of Pteropus lylei (a reservoir of Nipah virus) in a heterogeneous landscape in Cambodia. Methods: We employed an approach based on animal-movement modeling, which comprised a path-segmentation method (hidden Markov model) to identify individual foraging-behavior sequences in GPS data generated by eight P. lylei. We characterized foraging localities, foraging activity, and probability of returning to a given foraging locality over consecutive nights. Generalized linear mixed models were also applied to assess the influence of several variables including proxies for energetic costs and quality of foraging areas. Results: Bats performed few foraging bouts (area-restricted searches) during a given night, mainly in residential areas, and the duration of these decreased during the night. The probability of a bat revisiting a given foraging area within 48 h varied according to the duration previously spent there, its distance to the roost site, and the corresponding habitat type. We interpret these fine-scale patterns in relation to global habitat quality (including food-resource quality and predictability), habitat-familiarity and experience of each individual. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that heterogeneous human-made environments may promote complex patterns of foraging-behavior and short-term re-visitation in fruit bat species that occur in such landscapes. This highlights the need for similarly detailed studies to understand the processes that maintain biodiversity in these environments and assess the potential for pathogen transmission in human-wildlife interfaces

Evolutionary mechanisms of long-term genome diversification associated with niche partitioning in marine picocyanobacteria

Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on Earth, an ecological success thought to be linked to the differential partitioning of distinct ecotypes into specific ecological niches. However, the underlying processes that governed the diversification of these microorganisms and the appearance of niche-related phenotypic traits are just starting to be elucidated. Here, by comparing 81 genomes, including 34 new Synechococcus, we explored the evolutionary processes that shaped the genomic diversity of picocyanobacteria. Time-calibration of a core-protein tree showed that gene gain/loss occurred at an unexpectedly low rate between the different lineages, with for instance 5.6 genes gained per million years (My) for the major Synechococcus lineage (sub-cluster 5.1), among which only 0.71/My have been fixed in the long term. Gene content comparisons revealed a number of candidates involved in nutrient adaptation, a large proportion of which are located in genomic islands shared between either closely or more distantly related strains, as identified using an original network construction approach. Interestingly, strains representative of the different ecotypes co-occurring in phosphorus-depleted waters (Synechococcus clades III, WPC1, and sub-cluster 5.3) were shown to display different adaptation strategies to this limitation. In contrast, we found few genes potentially involved in adaptation to temperature when comparing cold and warm thermotypes. Indeed, comparison of core protein sequences highlighted variants specific to cold thermotypes, notably involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and the oxidative stress response, revealing that long-term adaptation to thermal niches relies on amino acid substitutions rather than on gene content variation. Altogether, this study not only deciphers the respective roles of gene gains/losses and sequence variation but also uncovers numerous gene candidates likely involved in niche partitioning of two key members of the marine phytoplankton

Cyanorak v2.1 : a scalable information system dedicated to the visualization and expert curation of marine and brackish picocyanobacteria genomes

Cyanorak v2.1 (http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/cyanorak) is an information system dedicated to visualizing, comparing and curating the genomes of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and Cyanobium, the most abundant photosynthetic microorganisms on Earth. The database encompasses sequences from 97 genomes, covering most of the wide genetic diversity known so far within these groups, and which were split into 25,834 clusters of likely orthologous groups (CLOGs). The user interface gives access to genomic characteristics, accession numbers as well as an interactive map showing strain isolation sites. The main entry to the database is through search for a term (gene name, product, etc.), resulting in a list of CLOGs and individual genes. Each CLOG benefits from a rich functional annotation including EggNOG, EC/K numbers, GO terms, TIGR Roles, custom-designed Cyanorak Roles as well as several protein motif predictions. Cyanorak also displays a phyletic profile, indicating the genotype and pigment type for each CLOG, and a genome viewer (Jbrowse) to visualize additional data on each genome such as predicted operons, genomic islands or transcriptomic data, when available. This information system also includes a BLAST search tool, comparative genomic context as well as various data export options. Altogether, Cyanorak v2.1 constitutes an invaluable, scalable tool for comparative genomics of ecologically relevant marine microorganisms

Cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning: A retrospective series of 204 patients

International audienceCyclopeptide mushroom poisoning is responsible for 90%-95% of deaths from macrofungi ingestion. The main objectives of this study are to describe cases of cyclopeptide mushroom poisoning and to determine risk factors that may influence the severity/mortality of poisoned patients. We included all cases of amatoxin toxicity reported to two French Poison Centers from 2013 through 2019. We compared the severity with the Poison Severity Score (PSS) and the outcomes of patients using simple logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression. We included 204 cases of amatoxin toxicity. More than three-quarters developed an increase in AST and/or ALT (78.1%), and over half developed a decrease in prothrombin ratio (<70%: 53%) and/or Factor V (<70%: 54%). One-third developed an acute renal injury (AKI). Twelve patients (5.9%) developed post-poisoning sequelae (persistent kidney injury more than 1 month after ingestion and liver transplant). Five patients (2.5%) received a liver transplant, and nine died (4.4%). The mean time to onset of digestive disorders was shorter in PSS2 and PSS3-4 patients (10.9 +/- 3.9/11.3 +/- 6.3 h) than in PSS1 patients (14 +/- 6.5 h; p < 0.05). Patients who died or developed post-poisoning sequelae had more frequent cardiovascular comorbidities compared with recovered patients (60.0% versus 29.5%; p < 0.01)

Nation-Wide Monitoring Campaign of 53 Contaminants of Emergent Concern in Surface Waters and Sediment (EMNAT 2018): Occurrence and PNEC Exceedance Evaluation

International audienceThe overall objective of the 2018 campaign to monitor substances of emerging concern in surface water (continental and coastal) and sediment, known as EMNAT 2018, is to provide the exercise of prioritization of emerging substances, which is being carried out in 2020, with monitoring data. This exercise should make it possible to update the list of relevant substances to be monitored (SPAS) as part of future WFD monitoring programmes, which will be implemented in the next water body management cycle (2022).This campaign, led by Ineris, collected nearly 14,000 data regarding 53 substances of emerging concern (36 biocides and 17 surfactants, selected by the Prioritization Experts Committee) in surface water and sediments on a total of 98 sites in metropolitan France and in the overseas departments and regions (DROM). Frequencies of quantification and concentration levels were determined and discussed. Warning indicators, calculated from PNEC (predicted no-effect concentrations), allowed to estimate the criticality of the risk of exceeding them (frequency and degree of PNEC exceedance).Regarding impregnation levels in the environment, with respect to surfactants, Linear Alkybenzene Sulfonic acids (LAS) were the most frequently quantified substances and at the highest median concentrations in water and sediment samples, in metropolitan France and in the DROM. Regarding biocides, fipronil was the most frequently quantified substance in water samples in metropolitan France and in the DROM, but at lower median concentrations than other biocides. Methyl nonyl ketone was the most frequently quantified substance and at higher median concentrations in sediment samples from metropolitan France and in the DROM.Based on the available PNECs, the highly critical substances with respect to exceeding the PNEC are:- LAS C11, C12 and C13 in mainland and the DROM water and sediment samples, - methyl nonyl ketone in mainland and the DROM sediment samples, - fipronil and methylisothiazolinone in mainland water samples, and - fipronil, octylisothiazolinone, methyl nonyl ketone and a triethanolamine based esterquat in mainland sediment samples

Foraging and mating behaviors of Hypsignathus monstrosus at the bat-human interface in a central African rainforest

International audienceStudying wildlife space use in human-modified environments contributes to characterize wildlife-human interactions to assess potential risks of zoonotic-pathogens transmission, and to pinpoint conservation issues. In central African rainforests with human dwelling and activities, we conducted a telemetry study on a group of males of Hypsignathus monstrosus, a lek-mating fruit bat identified as a potential maintenance host for Ebola virus. During a lekking season in 2020, we investigated the foraging-habitat selection and the individual nighttime space use during both mating and foraging activities close to villages and their surrounding agricultural landscape. At night, marked individuals strongly selected agricultural lands and more generally areas near watercourses to forage, where they spent more time compared to forest ones. Furthermore, the probability and duration of the presence of bats in the lek during nighttime decreased with the distance to their roost site but remained relatively high within a 10 km radius. Individuals adjusted foraging behaviors according to mating activity by reducing both the overall time spent in foraging areas and the number of forest areas used to forage when they spent more time in the lek. Finally, the probability of a bat revisiting a foraging area in the following 48 hours increased with the previous time spent in that foraging area. These behaviors occurring close to or in human-modified habitats can trigger direct and indirect bat-human contacts, which could thus facilitate pathogen transmission such as Ebola virus