Uusia näköaloja kasvatuksen ja koulutuksen historiaan.

Kirjallisuusarvostel

Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with chronic renal failure

Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with chronic renal failure and renal allograft recipients. Antibody response to the 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) in 17 renal allograft recipients, 29 azotemic, 11 hemodialysis, and 33 control patients. The IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were measured against six pneumococcal antigen types 1, 3, 4, 6A, 8, and 19F. The control patients had the best antibody responses in the IgG and IgA antibody classes and the renal allograft recipients in the IgM class. The renal allograft recipients had significantly stronger antibody responses than the azotemic and hemodialysis patients. The hemodialysis patients had significantly weaker antibody responses than the control patients and the renal allograft recipients, and they also lost their antibodies most rapidly. Thus, the hemodialysis patients and probably some azotemic patients should be considered for re vaccination

Exploring the effect of glaucomatous visual field defects of current drivers on a neuropsychological test battery

Purpose This study explores the effect of glaucomatous visual field defects on several neuropsychological tests that are often used in research and in clinical settings.Methods Nineteen glaucoma patients and nineteen healthy participants, which are current drivers and older than 65 years old were included. All participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), the Snellgrove Maze Task (SMT) and the Digit Span Test (DST). All participants were also tested on contrast sensitivity and near and far visual acuity. For the glaucoma patients, visual field tests were downloaded from hospital servers.Results On the MoCA test, glaucoma patients scored lower than the healthy group, but not significantly. On the MoCA-Blind, the difference was statistically significant. Glaucoma patients also had lower percentile scores on the TMT, with a significant difference in the TMT-A, but this difference largely disappeared in the calculated TMT B-A index, which isolates the cognitive component. The BVRT and SMT showed no significant differences between both groups. In the only non-visual test, the DST, glaucoma patients outperformed the healthy group. Glaucoma severity did not influence results, except for the BVRT on which the moderate/severe group has better scores.Conclusion Using visual items might lead to conclusions about cognition when it should be one about vision. Therefore, careful selection of tests is needed when examining cognition in glaucoma patients.</p

Anvisningar för miljötillsynen

I anvisningarna för miljötillsyn behandlas tillsyn enligt miljöskyddslagen (527/2014), avfallslagen (646/2011), vattenlagen (587/2011) och miljöskyddslagen för sjöfarten (1672/2009). De reviderade anvisningarna ersätter dokumentet Anvisningar för tillsynen över miljötillstånd av den 7 november 2012. Anvisningarna syftar till att främja ett effektivt och enhetligt verkställande av miljölagstiftningen och en planmässig organisering av tillsynen. Ett mål är att tillsynsverksamheten ska vara rättvis och jämlik samt förenlig med de gemensamma förfaringssätten. Anvisningarna för miljötillsyn är i första hand avsedda för statliga tillsynsmyndigheter, dvs. för närings-, trafikoch miljöcentralerna (NTM-centralerna). Kommunerna kan dock enligt prövning använda anvisningarna eller en del av dem när de planerar och utövar miljötillsyn. Anvisningarna för miljötillsyn innehåller en allmän del, en lagspecifik del och bilagor. I den allmänna delen ingår allmänna anvisningar där principerna för tillsynen behandlas. I den här delen fastställs när tillsynsmyndigheten bör vidta administrativa och rättsliga åtgärder för utförandet av sin tillsynsuppgift. I den lagspecifika delen behandlas de mest centrala författningarna med tanke på miljötillsyn och beskrivs mer ingående i vilka situationer speciallagar tillämpas. I bilagorna behandlas bland annat god tillsynspraxis för små och medelstora kommuner. Dessutom presenteras rekommendationer om tiden för handläggning av olika anmälningar i anslutning till tillsyn och om förfaringssätt vid exceptionella situationer. Ändringar som gjorts i miljöskyddslagstiftningen har tagits i beaktande i anvisningarna. Anvisningarna för miljötillsyn har samordnats med Ympäristönsuojelulainsäädännön laillisuusvalvontaopas 2014 (Handledning om övervakning av miljöskyddslagstiftningen, Miljöförvaltningens anvisningar 9/2014). I handledningen ligger fokus på att beskriva övervakningsförfarandena, medan dessa anvisningar för miljötillsyn strävar efter att ge dem som utövar tillsyn anvisningar om hur man bör agera i olika tillsynssituationer. Anvisningarna för miljötillsyn och handledningen utgör en helhet och ska helst läsas parallellt

Ympäristövalvonnan ohje

Ympäristövalvonnan ohjeessa käsitellään ympäristönsuojelulain (527/2014), jätelain (646/2011), vesilain (587/2011) ja merenkulun ympäristönsuojelulain (1672/2009) mukaista valvontaa. Uudistettu ohje korvaa 7.11.2012 annetun Ympäristölupien valvontaohjeen. Ohjeella pyritään tehokkaaseen ja yhdenmukaiseen ympäristölainsäädännön toimeenpanoon sekä valvonnan suunnitelmallisuuteen. Tavoitteena on, että valvonta on tasapuolista ja yhdenvertaista sekä yhteneväisten käytäntöjen mukaista. Ympäristövalvonnan ohje on tarkoitettu ensisijaisesti valtion valvontaviranomaisille eli elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksille (ELY-keskuksille). Kunnat voivat kuitenkin harkintansa mukaan käyttää ohjetta tai sen osaa suunnitellessaan ja toteuttaessaan ympäristövalvontaa. Ympäristövalvonnan ohje sisältää yleisen ja erityisen osan sekä liiteosan. Ohjeen yleiseen osaan sisältyy ympäristövalvonnan yleinen ohje, jossa käsitellään valvonnan periaatteita ja määritellään, milloin valvontaviranomaisen tulisi ryhtyä hallinnollisiin ja oikeudellisiin toimiin valvontatehtävää hoitaessaan. Erityisessä osassa käsitellään ympäristövalvonnan kannalta keskeisimpiä säädöksiä ja kuvataan yksityiskohtaisemmin erityislakien soveltamistilanteita. Liiteosassa muun muassa käsitellään pienten ja keskisuurten kuntien hyviä valvontakäytäntöjä ja esitetään ohjeelliset suositusajat valvonnallisten ilmoitusten käsittelylle ja toiminnalle poikkeuksellisissa tilanteissa. Ohjeessa on huomioitu ympäristönsuojelulainsäädäntöön tehdyt muutokset. Ympäristövalvonnan ohje on laadittu sovittaen se yhteen Ympäristönsuojelulainsäädännön laillisuusvalvontaopas 2014 (Ympäristöhallinnon ohjeita 9/2014) kanssa. Laillisuusvalvontaoppaassa keskitytään valvontamenettelyiden kuvaamiseen ja ympäristövalvonnan ohjeessa pyritään antamaan valvojille ohjeet siitä, miten valvontatilanteissa tulee kulloinkin toimia. Ympäristövalvonnan ohje ja laillisuusvalvontaopas muodostavat kokonaisuuden ja niitä suositellaan luettavaksi rinnakkain

Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and macular ganglion cell layer volume in association with motor and cognitive outcomes in 11-year-old children born very preterm

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to study the association between retinal parameters and motor and cognitive outcomes in children born very preterm.Methods: This study is part of a prospective cohort study of very preterm infants (birth weight ≤ 1500 grams/gestational age Results: A total of 141 children were included. The mean (SD) average PRNFL was 95 μm (10.2 μm). The mean (SD) macular GCL volume was 0.34 mm3 (0.03 mm3 ). Higher PRNFL thickness associated with higher percentiles for total scores in the motor assessment (b = 0.5, 95% CI 0.1-0.8, p = 0.01) and higher macular GCL volume with higher scores in the cognitive assessment (b = 1.4, 95% CI 0.5-2.3, p = 0.002), also when adjusted for gender, birth weight z-score (birth weight in relation to gestational age) and major brain pathology at term.Conclusion: The associations between higher average PRNFL thickness and better motor performance as well as higher macular GCL volume and better cognitive performance refer to more generalized changes in the brain of 11-year-old children born very preterm. Retinal OCT examinations might provide a deeper insight than mere eyesight in long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up of children born very preterm.</p

Comparison of particle number size distribution trends in ground measurements and climate models

Despite a large number of studies, out of all drivers of radiative forcing, the effect of aerosols has the largest uncertainty in global climate model radiative forcing estimates. There have been studies of aerosol optical properties in climate models, but the effects of particle number size distribution need a more thorough inspection. We investigated the trends and seasonality of particle number concentrations in nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation modes at 21 measurement sites in Europe and the Arctic. For 13 of those sites, with longer measurement time series, we compared the field observations with the results from five climate models, namely EC-Earth3, ECHAM-M7, ECHAM-SALSA, NorESM1.2, and UKESM1. This is the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five earth system models (ESMs). We found that the trends of particle number concentrations were mostly consistent and decreasing in both measurements and models. However, for many sites, climate models showed weaker decreasing trends than the measurements. Seasonal variability in measured number concentrations, quantified by the ratio between maximum and minimum monthly number concentration, was typically stronger at northern measurement sites compared to other locations. Models had large differences in their seasonal representation, and they can be roughly divided into two categories: for EC-Earth and NorESM, the seasonal cycle was relatively similar for all sites, and for other models the pattern of seasonality varied between northern and southern sites. In addition, the variability in concentrations across sites varied between models, some having relatively similar concentrations for all sites, whereas others showed clear differences in concentrations between remote and urban sites. To conclude, although all of the model simulations had identical input data to describe anthropogenic mass emissions, trends in differently sized particles vary among the models due to assumptions in emission sizes and differences in how models treat size-dependent aerosol processes. The inter-model variability was largest in the accumulation mode, i.e. sizes which have implications for aerosol-cloud interactions. Our analysis also indicates that between models there is a large variation in efficiency of long-range transportation of aerosols to remote locations. The differences in model results are most likely due to the more complex effect of different processes instead of one specific feature (e.g. the representation of aerosol or emission size distributions). Hence, a more detailed characterization of microphysical processes and deposition processes affecting the long-range transport is needed to understand the model variability