Los conflictos sobre competencias entre académicos y no académicos en las postrimerías del siglo XVIII: el recurso del escultor Juan Pedro Guisart contra el tallista José Navarro David

The rivalry among the artists trained in the Royal Academies of Arts under the masters instructed in the workshops reveals one of the most disputed questions of the late seventeenth century in Spain. Being constrained to coexist in a period when the academics made use of the privileges of their titles and the guilds struggled to keep their reduced power, a slow and difficult acceptance of the novelty took place as a result of the imposal of official rules which clearly established the differences between the people who practised a liberal art from those with a mechanical task. The litigation of the merited academical sculptor of San Carlos of Valencia Guisart against the Murcian wood carvers headed by Navarro David appeared in this context. The dispute concluded with a favourable verdict for the wood carvers by the Academy of San Fernando, the content of which was explained in a large memorial by Isidoro Bosarte, the secretary of this institution.La rivalidad entre los artistas formados en las Academias de Bellas Artes con los maestros cuyo aprendizaje partió de los talleres artesanales patentiza uno de los problemas más controvertidos que tuvo lugar a finales del siglo XVIII en España. Forzados a convivir en una época en que los académicos abusaban de su título y los gremios luchaban por mantener su ya mermado poder, se produjo una lenta y difícil aceptación de las novedades impuestas por unas normas oficiales que marcaban claramente las diferencias entre quienes practicaban un arte liberal y mecánico. En este contexto se sitúa el pleito de Guisart, escultor académico de mérito por San Carlos de Valencia, contra los tallistas murcianos liderados por Navarro David que concluyó con un dictamen favorable a estos últimos por parte de la Academia de San Fernando, cuyo contenido fue explicado en un copioso memorial por lsidoro Bosarte, como secretario de esta institución

Sustainable Irrigation in Agriculture: An Analysis of Global Research

Irrigated agriculture plays a fundamental role as a supplier of food and raw materials. However, it is also the world’s largest water user. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies analyzing agricultural irrigation from the perspective of sustainability with a focus on its environmental, economic, and social impacts. This study seeks to analyze the dynamics of global research in sustainable irrigation in agriculture between 1999 and 2018, including the main agents promoting it and the topics that have received the most attention. To do this, a review and a bibliometric analysis were carried out on a sample of 713 articles. The results show that sustainability is a line of study that is becoming increasingly more prominent within research in irrigation. The study also reveals the existence of substantial differences and preferred topics in the research undertaken by different countries. The priority issues addressed in the research were climatic change, environmental impact, and natural resources conservation; unconventional water resources; irrigation technology and innovation; and water use efficiency. Finally, the findings indicate a series of areas related to sustainable irrigation in agriculture in which research should be promoted

Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the volatile components of Teucrium lusitanicum and Teucrium algarbiensis

The essential oils from four samples of Teucrium lusitanicum and one sample of Teucrium algarbiensis, grown in Algarve (southern Portugal) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified. Major compounds of T. algarbiensis oil were alpha-pinene (8.3%), sabinene (7.2%), beta-pinene (10.2%), limonene (11.8%) and germacrene D (7.6%). Concerning T. lusitanicum, some quantitative differences were found with regards to the major constituents of the oils from four populations: alpha-pinene (0.8-8.5%), sabinene (2.1-9.6%), beta-pinene (2.5-11.9%), limonene (1.2-11.5%) and elemol (2.6-12.0%). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Growth opportunities and the effect of corporate diversification on value

This paper provides empirical evidence of how a firm’s growth opportunities shape the diversification–value relationship on a sample of U.S. companies between 1998 and 2010. Our findings suggest that the negative relationship between diversification and a firm’s value may reverse at high levels of diversification, and that such a U-form diversification–value relation is partly mediated by a firm’s growth opportunities. Results are robust to various model specifications and after controlling for endogenous self-selection of the diversification decision

A política urbana em Madri: um relato provisório

Different stages of urban policies in Madris is our central reflexion of this article, trying to identify periods of internal coherence according to the city model pursuit and the actions developed. The description of actions is completed with an analysis of main key points in order to understand the difference and similitudes of the city model implemented by different governments even from the same party. Therefore, different factors are taken into account: if urban policiy is centered in the internal logic of the city, or if by contrary is oriented to a global context; if city is thought as a political space or mainly as a place for beneficts, or if the leadership of the different stages is local or is belongs to other government levels.El artículo reflexiona sobre las diferentes etapas por las que ha transcurrido la política urbana de la ciudad de Madrid, tratando de delimitar fases que presenten coherencia interna respecto del modelo de ciudad que se persigue y las acciones que se impulsan. La descripción de acciones se completa con una reflexión sobre las claves que permitirían entender las diferencias y similitudes en el modelo de ciudad que plantean distintos gobiernos que pertenecen al mismo partido político. Así se consideran diversos factores: si la política urbana se concentra en la lógica interna de la propia ciudad o se orienta hacia una lógica global; si se considera la ciudad como un espacio político o como un espacio de oportunidades económicas o si el protagonismo o liderazgo de las distintas fases es local o de otros niveles de gobierno.O artigo reflexiona sobre as diferentes etapas pelas quais transcorreu a política urbana da cidade de Madri, buscando delimitar fases que apresentem coerência interna face ao modelo de cidade buscado e as ações impulsionadas. A descrição das ações completa-se com uma reflexão sobre as principais dimensões que permitiriam entender as diferenças e similaridades no modelo de cidade defendido por governos diferentes pertencentes ao mesmo partido político. Consideram-se, desse modo, os seguintes fatores: se a política urbana concentra-se na lógica interna da própria cidade ou se orienta à uma lógica global; se a cidade é considerada como um espaço político ou como um espaço de oportunidades econômicas; ou se o protagonismo ou liderança das diversas fases é local ou de outros níveis de governo

Fear of the unknown: Inlfuenza vaccination

Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality; current estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) are 3 to 5 million cases and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide every year. Most deaths associated with it occur among people age 65 or older, as well as among persons suffering a chronic debilitating disease regardless of age. The recent 2009 pandemic served to foster interest in this disease. An inactivated virus vaccine has been available since the late 1940´s but it only began to be used extensively when the influenza virus antigenic variability was taken into account. Aside from such variability, influenza viruses are capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrates, including many avian species, both wild and domestic, thus it is essential to monitor the antigenic characteristics of influenza virus strains currently circulating, and so the vaccine formula has to be evaluated and modiied accordingly every yea

Lo urbano y lo político: el caso español

Introducción

Performance evaluation of secondary control policies with respect to digital communications properties in inverter-based islanded microgrids

A key challenge for inverted-based microgrids working in islanded mode is to maintain their own frequency and voltage to a certain reference values while regulating the active and reactive power among distributed generators and loads. The implementation of frequency and voltage restoration control policies often requires the use of a digital communication network for real-time data exchange (tertiary control covers the coordi- nated operation of the microgrid and the host grid). Whenever a digital network is placed within the loop, the operation of the secondary control may be affected by the inherent properties of the communication technology. This paper analyses the effect that properties like transmission intervals and message dropouts have for four existing representative approaches to secondary control in a scalable islanded microgrid. The simulated results reveals pros and cons for each approach, and identifies threats that properly avoided or handled in advance can prevent failures that otherwise would occur. Selected experimental results on a low- scale laboratory microgrid corroborate the conclusions extracted from the simulation study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft