Eagle-Picher Industries Sodium Sulfur Program

Viewgraphs of the sodium sulfur program are presented. Sodium sulfur low earth orbit (LEO) cells are described. Topics covered include cell sizes, areas of improvement, and NaS cell testing. Sodium sulfur cell and battery designs continue to evolve with significant improvement demonstrated in resistance, rechargeability, cycle life, energy density, and electrolyte characterization

Children’s spontaneous comparisons from 26 to 58 months predict performance in verbal and non-verbal analogy tests in 6th grade

Comparison supports the development of children’s analogical reasoning. The evidence for this claim comes from laboratory studies. We describe spontaneous comparisons produced by 24 typically developing children from 26 to 58 months. Children tend to express similarity before expressing difference. They compare objects from the same category before objects from different categories, make global comparisons before specific comparisons, and specify perceptual features of similarity/difference before non-perceptual features. We then investigate how a theoretically interesting subset of children’s comparisons – those expressing a specific feature of similarity or difference – relates to analogical reasoning as measured by verbal and non-verbal tests in 6th grade. The number of specific comparisons children produce before 58 months predicts their scores on both tests, controlling for vocabulary at 54 months. The results provide naturalistic support for experimental findings on comparison development, and demonstrate a strong relationship between children’s early comparisons and their later analogical reasoning

A management architecture for active networks

In this paper we present an architecture for network and applications management, which is based on the Active Networks paradigm and shows the advantages of network programmability. The stimulus to develop this architecture arises from an actual need to manage a cluster of active nodes, where it is often required to redeploy network assets and modify nodes connectivity. In our architecture, a remote front-end of the managing entity allows the operator to design new network topologies, to check the status of the nodes and to configure them. Moreover, the proposed framework allows to explore an active network, to monitor the active applications, to query each node and to install programmable traps. In order to take advantage of the Active Networks technology, we introduce active SNMP-like MIBs and agents, which are dynamic and programmable. The programmable management agents make tracing distributed applications a feasible task. We propose a general framework that can inter-operate with any active execution environment. In this framework, both the manager and the monitor front-ends communicate with an active node (the Active Network Access Point) through the XML language. A gateway service performs the translation of the queries from XML to an active packet language and injects the code in the network. We demonstrate the implementation of an active network gateway for PLAN (Packet Language for Active Networks) in a forty active nodes testbed. Finally, we discuss an application of the active management architecture to detect the causes of network failures by tracing network events in time

Establishing Equivalent Training Intensities for Isometric Bilateral-Leg and Handgrip Exercise Using the Category Ratio Scale

Isometric handgrip (IHG) training is commonly undertaken at an exercise intensity of 30% of a subject’s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (McGowan et al., 2007). Matching this intensity with isometric bilateral-leg (IBL) exercise is difficult due to the different muscle mass involved. Comparative studies (Howden et al., 2002) have tended to use different exercise intensities without providing a strong rationale. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use the Category Ratio Scale (CR-10) to establish equivalent exercise intensities for IHG and IBL, based on participant effort perception and to test the extent to which intensity can be matched, when using this method during training sessions. A total of 26 healthy participants (male, n = 18; female, n = 8) undertook two minutes of unilateral IHG to establish the mean CR-10 values. Then, performed IBL exercise at 15, 20 and 25%MVC. The IBL intensity at which CR-10 most-closely matched the values for IHG, was identified as 20%MVC. Subsequently, an IHG and IBL training session was used, to test the extent to which the intensities were matched, according to effort perception. Ten participants (male, n = 6; female, n = 4) undertook 4 x 2 minutes unilateral IHG (30%MVC) and IBL (20%MVC) training, with 2 minutes recovery between contractions with CR-10 measured at the end of each exercise bout. A one-way independent ANOVA was used to identify the IHG and IBL intensities that were most-closely matched. To determine whether CR-10 values were significantly different during the IHG and IBL training sessions, a two-way mixed-model ANOVA was used.The intensity at which CR-10 was most-closely matched between IHG and IBL was 20%MVC. There were significant differences in the CR-10 values between IHG contractions at 30%MVC and IBL at 25%MVC and 15%MVC (P > 0.05) but not at 20%MVC (P 0.05).These results suggest when performing IBL exercise, the intensity most closely matching the IHG intensity (30%MVC) is 20%MVC. Furthermore, it can be seen from the simulated training sessions that CR-10 does not significantly differ between the two intensities until the final 2-minute bout. Therefore, it may be advantageous when undertaking one-off IBL exercise or IBL training protocols with the purpose of comparing data to that from IHG, to use 20%MVC. However, when a 4 x 2 minute training protocol is used, it may be necessary to attenuate the intensity of the 4th bout of IBL

'Dreamers’, (un)deserving immigrants and generational interdependence

Undocumented young people known as the ‘Dreamers’ have become the embodiment of the ‘deserving immigrant’ in US public debates on immigration. Through exploring the narratives of undocumented young organisers in California, this article examines how they came to be framed in this way and the limitations of this as a pathway to social justice. It explores their accounts of organising in the undocumented youth movement to examine how their relationships with their families have influenced their engagement with the Dreamer narrative and its contestation. It was found that the figure of the deserving Dreamer represented an overly individualised account of migrant youth experiences and trajectories. Drawing on a relational understanding of migration and life course pathways, it is argued that undocumented youth are embedded in interdependent intergenerational relationships which affect their experiences and outcomes and therefore need to be recognised in any pathway to social justice

Dynamic Critical Behavior of a Swendsen-Wang-Type Algorithm for the Ashkin-Teller Model

We study the dynamic critical behavior of a Swendsen-Wang-type algorithm for the Ashkin--Teller model. We find that the Li--Sokal bound on the autocorrelation time ($\tau_{{\rm int},{\cal E}} \ge {\rm const} \times C_H$) holds along the self-dual curve of the symmetric Ashkin--Teller model, and is almost but not quite sharp. The ratio $\tau_{{\rm int},{\cal E}} / C_H$ appears to tend to infinity either as a logarithm or as a small power ($0.05 \leq p \leq 0.12$). In an appendix we discuss the problem of extracting estimates of the exponential autocorrelation time.Comment: 59 pages including 3 figures, uuencoded g-compressed ps file. Postscript size = 799740 byte

BRICS, the southern model, and the evolving landscape of development assistance: Toward a new taxonomy

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Regularity Properties and Pathologies of Position-Space Renormalization-Group Transformations

We reconsider the conceptual foundations of the renormalization-group (RG) formalism, and prove some rigorous theorems on the regularity properties and possible pathologies of the RG map. Regarding regularity, we show that the RG map, defined on a suitable space of interactions (= formal Hamiltonians), is always single-valued and Lipschitz continuous on its domain of definition. This rules out a recently proposed scenario for the RG description of first-order phase transitions. On the pathological side, we make rigorous some arguments of Griffiths, Pearce and Israel, and prove in several cases that the renormalized measure is not a Gibbs measure for any reasonable interaction. This means that the RG map is ill-defined, and that the conventional RG description of first-order phase transitions is not universally valid. For decimation or Kadanoff transformations applied to the Ising model in dimension $d \ge 3$, these pathologies occur in a full neighborhood $\{ \beta > \beta_0 ,\, |h| < \epsilon(\beta) \}$ of the low-temperature part of the first-order phase-transition surface. For block-averaging transformations applied to the Ising model in dimension $d \ge 2$, the pathologies occur at low temperatures for arbitrary magnetic-field strength. Pathologies may also occur in the critical region for Ising models in dimension $d \ge 4$. We discuss in detail the distinction between Gibbsian and non-Gibbsian measures, and give a rather complete catalogue of the known examples. Finally, we discuss the heuristic and numerical evidence on RG pathologies in the light of our rigorous theorems.Comment: 273 pages including 14 figures, Postscript, See also ftp.scri.fsu.edu:hep-lat/papers/9210/9210032.ps.

Imagination and narrative : young people's experiences

Imagery generation in dramatized audio drama is still poorly understood with the majority of work having been done from a radio advertising perspective. This study sought to understand audio drama imagery generation by using teenage listeners. The study demonstrated that teenagers can follow purely auditory narrative with ease and can generate unique and vivid imagery through aural dramatic stimulation. The study also showed that listening in the dark and as a group are appealing for audiences