Deposition and Characterization of Spray Pyrolytic Cadmium Sulphide Thin Film

Precursor solutions of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [(NH2)2CS] were used to prepare Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin film on glass substrate by chemical spray pyrolysis technique at the substrate temperature of 623 K. The structural properties of the film were investigated through the analysis of X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDAX).The growth of crystal became stronger and more oriented as seen in the X-ray diffraction pattern. This diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature and the preferential orientation growth of CdS compound having hexagonal structure along (002) plane. The size of the cadmium sulphide crystallite with nano dimension 27.73 nm was determined using the Full Width Half Maximum value of the Bragg peak. The surface morphology had been observed on the surface of this film using scanning electron microscope. The stoichiometric property was determined using Energy Dispersive Analysis X ray spectrum and the optical absorption and transmittance spectra have been recorded for this film in the wavelength range 300–1100 nm. The optical band gap energy is found to be 2.3 eV with direct allowed band-to-band transition for film deposited at 623 K

Structural and Optical Characterization of Spray Deposited Cadmium Sulphide Thin Film

Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin film was prepared on glass substrate by chemical spray pyrolysis technique using the precursor solutions of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [(NH2)2CS] at the substrate temperature of 573 K.X ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature and the preferential orientation growth of CdS compound having hexagonal structure along (002) plane. The size of the cadmium sulphide crystallite with nano dimension was determined using the Full Width Half Maximum value of the Bragg peak. The surface morphology had been observed on the surface of this film using scanning electron microscope. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra have been recorded for these films in the wavelength range 400–800 nm. The optical band gap energy is found to be 2.42 eV with direct allowed band-to-band transition for film deposited at 573 K. The functional group is identified using FTIR spectra

Effect of Substrate Temperature on Spray Deposited Zinc Sulphide Thin Films

Thin films of Zinc sulphide (ZnS) on glass substrate were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique using precursor solutions of zinc chloride and n–n dimethyl thiourea at substrate temperatures of 598 K and 623 K. X ray diffraction analysis exposed the polycrystalline nature with growing crystallinity with respect to substrate temperature. The preferential orientation growth of ZnS compound increased with relatively higher substrate temperature having hexagonal structure along (019) plane. At 623 K, The size of the Zinc sulphide crystallite with nano dimension was determined using the Full Width Half Maximum value of the Bragg peak. The surface morphology had been analyzed using scanning electron microscope. The compositional analysis had been observed by Energy Dispersive Analysis by X-ray spectrum. FTIR study had been carried out for the bond evaluation

Sorption of Radioiodine on Bismuth Hydroxide

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Health and lifestyle of Nepalese migrants in the UK

Background: The health status and lifestyle of migrants is often poorer than that of the general population of their host countries. The Nepalese represent a relatively small, but growing, immigrant community in the UK, about whom very little is known in term of public health. Therefore, our study examined the health and lifestyle of Nepalese migrants in the UK. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of Nepalese migrants in UK was conducted in early 2007 using a postal, self-administered questionnaire in England and Scotland (n = 312), and telephone interviews in Wales (n = 15). The total response rate was 68% (327 out of 480). Data were analyzed to establish whether there are associations between socio-economic and lifestyle factors. A multivariate binary logistic regression was applied to find out independent effect of personal factors on health status. Results: The majority of respondents was male (75%), aged between 30 and 45 (66%), married or had a civil partner (83%), had university education (47%) and an annual family income (69%) ranging from £5,035 to £33,300. More than one third (39%) of the respondents have lived in the UK for 1 to 5 years and approximately half (46%) were longer-term residents. Most (95%) were registered with a family doctor, but only 38% with a dentist. A low proportion (14%) of respondents smoked but more than half (61%) consumed alcohol. More than half (57%) did not do regular exercises and nearly one fourth (23%) of respondents rated their health as poor. Self reported 'good' health status of the respondents was independently associated with immigration status and doing regular exercise Conclusion: The self reported health status and lifestyle, health seeking behaviour of Nepalese people who are residing in UK appears to be good. However, the overall regular exercise and dentist registration was rather poor. Health promotion, especially aimed at Nepalese migrants could help encourage them to exercise regularly and assist them to register with a dentist

Unravelling structural ambiguities in lithium- and manganese-rich transition metal oxides

Although Li- and Mn-rich transition metal oxides have been extensively studied as high-capacity cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, the crystal structure of these materials in their pristine state is not yet fully understood. Here we apply complementary electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques at multi-length scale on well-formed Li1.2(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)O2 crystals with two different morphologies as well as two commercially available materials with similar compositions, and unambiguously describe the structural make-up of these samples. Systematically observing the entire primary particles along multiple zone axes reveals that they are consistently made up of a single phase, save for rare localized defects and a thin surface layer on certain crystallographic facets. More specifically, we show the bulk of the oxides can be described as an aperiodic crystal consisting of randomly stacked domains that correspond to three variants of monoclinic structure, while the surface is composed of a Co- and/or Ni-rich spinel with antisite defects

Influence of Substrate Temperature on Tin Sulphide Thin Films Using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Thin films of tin sulphide (SnS) were prepared on glass substrates,using chemical spray pyrolysis technique, using precursor solutions of doubly hydrated stannous chloride and thiourea at, different substrate temperatures varied in the range 548 - 648 K in steps of 25 K. X ray diffraction analysis revealed the crystalline nature of SnS compound having orthorhombic structure along (111) plane. The size of the tin sulphide crystallites with nano dimension was determined using the Full Width Half Maximum values of the Bragg peak at the optimized substrate temperature. The surface morphology have been observed on the surface of these films, using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. Single-phase, p-type, SnS film with direct allowed band gap of 1.3 eV was determined at the substrate temperature 573 K

Influence of Molar Concentration on Nano Tin Disulphide Thin Films Grown by Spray Pyrolysis Technique

Tin disulphide (SnS2) thin films has been prepared on glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis technique, using the precursor solutions of SnCl2.2H2O and thiourea with different molar concentration of 0.1 M – 0.4 M in steps of 0.1 M, at the substrate temperature of 548 K. The Structural properties have been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface morphology have been observed on the surface of these films using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The optical properties of the thin film deposited was obtained, using experimentally recorded absorption spectral data as functions of the wavelength in the range of 400– 800 nm at different molar concentrations. An analysis of the spectral absorption of the deposited film revealed optical direct and indirect band gap energy for SnS2 layer. A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirms the presence of Sn–S bonds in SnS2 film in the molecular structure

Characterization of Spray Pyrolysised Nano Tin Disulphide Thin Film

Tin disulphide (SnS2) thin film has been prepared on glass substrate by chemical spray pyrolysis technique using the precursor solutions of tin (IV) chloride and thiourea, which were atomized with compressed air as carrier gas. Thin layer of SnS2 film has been grown at lower thermal energy of 473 K. The Structural properties have been analyzed by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and surface morphology by SEM micrograph. The optical properties of the thin film deposited were obtained using experimentally recorded transmission spectral data as functions of the wavelength, in the range of 400– 800 nm. Analysis of the spectral absorption of the deposited film revealed optical direct forbidden band gap (2.2 eV) and indirect band gap energy (2.35 eV) respectively for SnS2 layer. The DC room temperature electrical resistivity of this film is calculated using four probe technique as 4.2 x 104 Ω cm in dark and 1.65 x 103 Ω cm in light respectively. Activation energy of this thin film was plotted by Arrhenius plot