La formación de los pilotos en la Universidad

[Resumen] El propósito general de esta investigación es el de conocer las características principales de la formación para la profesión de piloto aéreo, a partir del estudio de la normativa internacional y la legislación española, y a través de la descripción de las instituciones y planes de estudio que se encargan de su implementación en el estado español y su nueva ordenación con la adaptación a las condiciones del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Para responder a este propósito hemos realizado un análisis de la evolución de la aviación y sus requerimientos tanto en el pasado como en la actualidad y, en concreto, sus repercusiones en las exigencias de los responsables del pilotaje de los aviones, especialmente en lo que se refiere al grado de competencias que deben poseer y a los niveles formativos que se requieren. Para el estudio de la formación de los pilotos en España, nos centramos en la descripción de las instituciones en las que se realiza, tanto las denominadas Escuelas de Vuelo como las Universidades que ofrecen un título propio de formación de pilotos; y en el análisis del currículo de las titulaciones universitarias en las que se ofrecen estos estudios. Entendiendo que cualquier planteamiento de formación universitaria que se realice a lo largo de los próximos años deberá reunir los requisitos establecidos por el denominado Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, intentamos realizar una aproximación a su construcción y fundamentos. Con ello, buscamos los referentes necesarios para establecer el modelo formativo que pueda dar respuesta a las demandas de una profesión tan exigente y en continua evolución como la de piloto de línea aérea comercial. Con el objetivo de conocer las características y la opinión de las personas más directamente implicadas en la Formación Universitaria de Pilotos hemos diseñado una investigación tipo "survey" a través de la cual nos proponemos describir y buscar relaciones entre diversas variables vinculadas con algunas características de la profesión de piloto (componente vocacional, nivel económico de los candidatos,...) y otras relativas a las características de la formación (acceso, objetivos, metodología, recursos, valoración de las competencias profesionales, preparación y cualificación del profesorado,...). Para ello elaboramos y aplicamos dos cuestionarios, destinados a los estudiantes y profesores de las distintas Universidades que estaban impartiendo una titulación propia de Pilotos. Así, a través del cuestionario a los estudiantes indagamos sobre las características sociodemográficas, personales, profesionales y motivacionales; la satisfacción durante la carrera; las expectativas socio-culturales, laborales y económicas; la valoración del plan de estudios; y las percepciones en cuanto al desarrollo de las materias teóricas y prácticas. En el cuestionario a profesores, además de recoger sus características personales y profesionales, también solicitamos su valoración del plan de estudios y específicamente de la materia que imparten en referencia a sus características curriculares y sus aportaciones a los conocimientos necesarios para el ejercicio de la profesión de piloto y, finalmente, la adecuación de las competencias genéricas y específicas en la configuración del perfil profesional y el desarrollo de la profesión de Piloto. Los resultados obtenidos a través del estudio empírico y la información recogida y sistematizada en los tres primeros capítulos, puede servir de referente de cara a la elaboración de Título de Grado de Piloto de Transporte Aéreo, al ayudar a definir elementos clave que configuran dicho título. Por tanto, a lo largo del desarrollo de la tesis se podrá observar cuál ha sido el pasado, cómo es el presente y cuál podría ser el futuro de la Formación de los Pilotos de Transporte de Línea Aérea, analizando los aspectos fundamentales de cada uno de los distintos momento

Attitudes, behaviors, and barriers among adolescents living with obesity, caregivers, and healthcare professionals in Spain: ACTION Teens Survey Study

Although the prevalence of pediatric obesity is rising, understanding of the perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to effective obesity care among Spanish adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), their caregivers, and healthcare professionals (HCPs) is lacking. In 2021, the cross-sectional ACTION Teens survey study was conducted in 10 countries; results from the Spanish cohort are presented herein. The survey was completed by 648 ALwO, 644 caregivers, and 251 HCPs in Spain. A total of 25% of ALwO and 43% of caregivers thought that their/their child's weight was normal, and more caregivers than ALwO perceived the ALwO's health to be at least good (95% vs. 59%, respectively). Only 53% of ALwO and 9% of caregivers reported receiving an obesity diagnosis, despite HCPs reporting they provide diagnoses to 87% of ALwO/caregivers. Although 65% of HCPs felt that ALwO may not be comfortable discussing weight, only 26% of ALwO who had discussed weight with an HCP (n = 488) reported not feeling comfortable. Inability to control hunger was a key barrier to ALwO losing weight identified by ALwO/caregivers, but not HCPs. Improved communication between the three groups, a better understanding of barriers to weight loss, and improved health education on obesity are needed in order to enhance obesity care in Spain

Synthetic Fatty Acids Prevent Plasmid-Mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer

Bacterial conjugation constitutes a major horizontal gene transfer mechanism for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among human pathogens. Antibiotic resistance spread could be halted or diminished by molecules that interfere with the conjugation process. In this work, synthetic 2-alkynoic fatty acids were identified as a novel class of conjugation inhibitors. Their chemical properties were investigated by using the prototype 2-hexadecynoic acid and its derivatives. Essential features of effective inhibitors were the carboxylic group, an optimal long aliphatic chain of 16 carbon atoms, and one unsaturation. Chemical modification of these groups led to inactive or less-active derivatives. Conjugation inhibitors were found to act on the donor cell, affecting a wide number of pathogenic bacterial hosts, including Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter spp. Conjugation inhibitors were active in inhibiting transfer of IncF, IncW, and IncH plasmids, moderately active against IncI, IncL/M, and IncX plasmids, and inactive against IncP and IncN plasmids. Importantly, the use of 2-hexadecynoic acid avoided the spread of a derepressed IncF plasmid into a recipient population, demonstrating the feasibility of abolishing the dissemination of antimicrobial resistances by blocking bacterial conjugation.The work performed by the F.D.L.C. group was supported by grants BFU2011-26608 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and 612146/FP7-ICT-2013-10 and 282004/FP7-HEALTH-2011-2.3.1-2 from the European Seventh Framework Programme. The work performed by M.G. was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the University of Cantabria. The work performed by D.J.S.-R. was supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health through grant no. 5P20GM103475-13 and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico. The work performed by J.C.-G. was supported by an EMBO postdoctoral fellowship, ASTF 402-2010. The work performed by Biomar Microbial Technologies was supported by grant 282004/FP7-HEALTH-2011-2.3.1-2 from the European Seventh Framework Programme.USD 2,190 APC fee funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access PilotPeer reviewe

PTL: A Model Transformation Language based on Logic Programming

In this paper we present a model transformation language based on logic programming. The language, called PTL (Prolog based Transformation Language), can be considered as a hybrid language in which ATL (Atlas Transformation Language)-style rules are combined with logic rules for defining transformations. ATL-style rules are used to define mappings from source models to target models while logic rules are used as helpers. The implementation of PTL is based on the encoding of the ATL-style rules by Prolog rules. Thus, PTL makes use of Prolog as a transformation engine. We have provided a declarative semantics to PTL and proved the semantics equivalent to the encoded program. We have studied an encoding of OCL (Object Constraint Language) with Prolog goals in order to map ATL to PTL. Thus a subset of PTL can be considered equivalent to a subset of ATL. The proposed language can be also used for model validation, that is, for checking constraints on models and transformations. We have equipped our language with debugging and tracing capabilities which help developers to detect programming errors in PTL rules. Additionally, we have developed an Eclipse plugin for editing PTL programs, as well as for debugging, tracing and validation. Finally, we have evaluated the language with several transformation examples as well as tested the performance with large models

Study of the intra-arterial distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a model of colorectal neoplasm induced in rat liver by MRI and spectrometry

José J Echevarria-Uraga,1 Ignacio García-Alonso,2 Fernando Plazaola,3 Maite Insausti,3 Néstor Etxebarria,3 Alberto Saiz-López,4 Begoña Fernández-Ruanova51Radiology Department, Hospital de Galdakao-Usánsolo, Bizkaia, Spain; 2Experimental Surgery Laboratory, Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain; 3Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain; 4Pathology Department, Hospital de Galdakao-Usánsolo, Bizkaia, Spain; 5Osatek SA Unidad del Hospital de Galdakao-Usánsolo, Bizkaia, SpainPurpose: To evaluate, in an experimental model, the reliability of MRI for determining whether a higher iron concentration was obtained in tumor tissue than in normal liver parenchyma after intra-arterial administration of Fe3O4 lipophilic nanoparticles.Materials and methods: WAG/RijCrl rats were inoculated in the left hepatic lobe with 25,000 syngeneic CC-531 colon adenocarcinoma cells, after which they were randomized into two groups: control (CG) and infused (IG). After confirming tumor induction, the IG rats received intra-arterial suspensions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (2.6 mg) in Lipiodol® (0.15 mL). To calculate the iron concentration, [Fe], in the tumor and liver tissues of both groups of rats, measurements of signal intensity from the tumors, healthy liver tissue, and paravertebral muscles were made on a 1.5T MRI system in gradient-echo DP* and T2*-weighted sequences. In addition, samples were collected to quantify the [Fe] by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as well as for histological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests, and Bland–Altman plots were produced; P values <0.05 were considered significant.Results: In the CG rats (n = 23), the mean [Fe] values estimated by MRI and ICP-MS were 13.2 µmol • g-1 and 5.9 µmol • g-1, respectively, in the tumors, and 19.0 µmol • g-1 and 11.7 µmol • g-1, respectively, in the hepatic tissue. In the IG rats (n = 19), the values obtained by MRI and ICP-MS were 148.9 µmol • g-1 and 9.4 µmol • g-1, respectively, in the tumors, and 115.3 µmol • g-1 and 11.6 µmol • g-1, respectively, in the healthy liver tissue. The IG results revealed a clear disagreement between MRI and ICP-MS. In the comparative analysis between the groups regarding the [Fe] values obtained by ICP-MS, significant differences were found for the tumor samples (P < 0.001), but not for the hepatic tissue (P = 0.92). Under microscopy, scattered intravascular deposits of nanoparticles were observed, especially in the tumors.Conclusion: ICP-MS demonstrated significant uptake of exogenous iron in tumor tissue. MRI was useful for quantifying the [Fe] in the different tissues in the CG animals, but not in the IG animals. Although the irregular distribution of nanoparticles caused an important bias in the measurements obtained by MRI, the relative increase in iron content inside the tumor was suggested.Keywords: liver neoplasm, hepatic arterial infusion, ferromagnetic particle, iron concentration, MRI, spectrometry&nbsp

Iridium-(K2-NSi) catalyzed dehydrogenation of formic acid: effect of auxiliary ligands on the catalytic performance

IThe iridium(III) complexes [Ir(H)(Cl)(κ2-NSitBu2)(κ2-bipyMe2)] (2) and [Ir(H)(OTf)(κ2-NSitBu2)(κ2-bipyMe2)] (3) (NSitBu2 = {4-methylpyridine-2-yloxy}ditertbutylsilyl) have been synthesized and characterized including X-ray studies of 3. A comparative study of the catalytic activity of complexes 2, 3, [Ir(H)(OTf)(κ2-NSitBu2)(coe)] (4), and [Ir(H)(OTf)(κ2-NSitBu2)(PCy3)] (5) (0.1 mol%) as catalysts precursors for the solventless formic acid dehydrogenation (FADH) in the presence of Et3N (40 mol%) at 353 K has been performed. The highest activity (TOF5 min ≈ 3260 h−1) has been obtained with 3 at 373 K. However, at that temperature the FTIR spectra show traces of CO together with the desired products (H2 and CO2). Thus, the best performance was achieved at 353 K (TOF5 min ≈ 1210 h−1 and no observable CO). Kinetic studies at variable temperature show that the activation energy of the 3-catalyzed FADH process is 16.76 kcal mol−1. Kinetic isotopic effect (5 min) values of 1.6, 4.5, and 4.2 were obtained for the 3-catalyzed dehydrogenation of HCOOD, DCOOH, and DCOOD, respectively, at 353 K. The strong KIE found for DCOOH and DCOOD evidenced that the hydride transfer from the C–H bond of formic acid to the metal is the rate-determining step of the process

Impaired Virulence and In Vivo Fitness of Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

4 páginas, 2 figuras. Presentado en parte: 20 º Congreso Europeo de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Resumen 1389, Viena, Austria, 10-13 de abril de 2010.Acinetobacter baumannii (American Type Culture Collection strain 19606) acquires mutations in the pmrB gene during the in vitro development of resistance to colistin. The colistin-resistant strain has lower affinity for colistin, reduced in vivo fitness (competition index, .016), and decreased virulence, both in terms of mortality (0% lethal dose, 6.9 vs 4.9 log colony-forming units) and survival in a mouse model of peritoneal sepsis. These results may explain the low incidence and dissemination of colistin resistance in A. baumannii in clinical settings.This work was supported by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe” (ERDF); the Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD06/0008), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain; and the Autonomous government of Madrid (COMBACT S-BIO-0260/2006, L.R.).Peer reviewe

Genomic and proteomic analyses reveal a relationship between WNT pathway, genes, oxidative stress metabolism and vascular calcification

Comunicaciones a congreso

Properties of average score distributions of sequest: the probability ratio method

Comunicaciones a congreso

MEG spectral analysis in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been described as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Previous studies characterized the alterations of brain oscillatory activity at this stage, but little is known about the differences between single and multidomain amnestic MCI patients. In order to study the patterns of oscillatory magnetic activity in amnestic MCI subtypes, a total of 105 subjects underwent an eyes-closed resting-state magnetoencephalographic recording: 36 healthy controls, 33 amnestic single domain MCIs (a-sd-MCI), and 36 amnestic multidomain MCIs (a-md-MCI). Relative power values were calculated and compared among groups. Subsequently, relative power values were correlated with neuropsychological tests scores and hippocampal volumes. Both MCI groups showed an increase in relative power in lower frequency bands (delta and theta frequency ranges) and a decrease in power values in higher frequency bands (alpha and beta frequency ranges), as compared with the control group. More importantly, clear differences emerged from the comparison between the two amnestic MCI subtypes. The a-md-MCI group showed a significant power increase within delta and theta ranges and reduced relative power within alpha and beta ranges. Such pattern correlated with the neuropsychological performance, indicating that the a-md-MCI subtype is associated not only with a "slowing" of the spectrum but also with a poorer cognitive status. These results suggest that a-md-MCI patients are characterized by a brain activity profile that is closer to that observed in Alzheimer disease. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the likelihood of conversion to dementia would be higher within this subtype