Efecto analgésico de ketorolaco en un modelo experimental de sumación temporal y espacial en sapos espinales

El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la acción analgésica de ketorolaco en sapos espinales empleando el modelo experimental de dolor agudo en sumación temporal y espacial. La acción de analgésica de ketorolaco se evaluó por la cuantificación del reflejo de retirada de la pata y evaluación electromiográfica. La muestra fue conformada por 140 sapos que fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión, divididos en: 1) 90 sapos para la validación del modelo experimental de dolor agudo; 2) 30 sapos para comparar la actividad del ketorolaco frente a memantina; 3) 20 sapos para evaluar la actividad electromiográfica del músculo semimembranoso. El análisis estadístico fue realizado empleando el software SPSS versión 14.0 para Windows. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y pruebas estadísticas de significancia Kruskal Wallis y la prueba U de Mann Whitney. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que el ketorolaco disminuye el reflejo de retirada de la pata de los sapos espinales inducido por ácido sulfúrico empleando el modelo experimental de dolor agudo de sumación temporal y espacial, ketorolaco produjo también disminución de la actividad electromiográfica del músculo semimembranoso en frecuencia y amplitud. En conclusión, ketorolaco, en condiciones experimentales, tiene un efecto analgésico al ser empleado en el modelo experimental de sumación temporal y espacial en sapos espinales.The purpose of the research was to determinate the analgesic effect of ketorolac in spinal toads using the experimental acute pain model of temporal and spatial summation. The analgesic Ketorolac action was evaluated by the quantification of the toad`s leg rise reflection and electromyography activity evaluation. The sample was conformed for 140 toads, that were selected according to the inclusion criteria divided in: 1) 90 toads to validation of experimental acute pain model; 2) 30 toads to compare the ketorolac activity against memantine; 3) 20 toads to evaluate the electromyography activity of semimembranosus muscle. Descriptive analyses, Kruskal Wallis and U Mann Withney statistical analyses were made with SPSS 14.0 software for Windows. The research had showed that Ketorolac reduced the toad`s leg rise reflection induced by sulfuric acid using the experimental acute pain model of temporary and spatial summation in spinal toads. In addition, ketorolac also reduced the electromyography activity in frequency and amplitude of the semimembranosus muscular contraction. In conclusion, ketorolac showed analgesic effect using an experimental model of temporal and spatial summation in spinal toads.Tesi

Generation and Characterization of Antibodies against Opioid Receptors from Zebrafish

[EN] The opioid system is well conserved among species and plays a critical role in pain and addiction systems. The use of zebrafish as an experimental model to study development and genetics is extraordinary and has been proven to be relevant for the study of different diseases. The main drawback to its use for the analysis of different pathologies is the lack of protein tools. Antibodies that work in other models are not suitable for zebrafish due to the low degree of homology that exists among the opioid receptor protein sequences in different species. Here we report the successful generation and characterization of antibodies against the mu, delta 1 and delta 2 opioid receptors in zebrafish. The antibodies obtained, which are specific for each receptor due to the use of the C-terminus as antigens, work for Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the antibodies against mu and delta 1 opioid receptors, but not those against delta 2, are able to immunoprecipitate the corresponding receptor from zebrafish lysates. The development of opioid receptor antibodies is an asset to the further study of the endogenous opioid system in zebrafish

Failure-free survival of the Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead after a very long-term follow-up

Aims: Riata® implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads from St. Jude Medical are prone to malfunction. This study aimed to describe the rate of this lead's malfunction in a very long-term follow-up. Methods: This single-centre observational study included 50 patients who received a Riata 7Fr dual-coil lead between 2003 and 2008. Follow-up was conducted both in person and remotely, and analysed at 8-month intervals. We evaluated the rates of cable externalization (CE), electrical failure (EF), and the interaction of these two complications. Structural lead failure was defined as radiographic CE. Oversensing of non-cardiac signal or sudden changes in impedance, sensing, or pacing thresholds constituted EF. Results: During a mean follow-up of 10.2 ± 2.9 years, 16 patients (32%) died. We observed lead malfunction in 13 patients (26%): three (23%) due to CE, six (46%) to EF and four (31%) to both complications. Of the malfunctioning leads, 77% failed after seven years of follow-up. The incidence rate (IR) of overall malfunction per 100 patients per year was 0.9 during the first seven years post-implantation, increased to 7.0 after the 7th year and more than doubled (to 16.7) after 10 years. Beyond seven years post-implantation, IR per 100 patient-years increased in both EF and CE (from 0.6 to 5.6 vs. 0.3 to 4.2, respectively). Presence of CE was associated with a 4-fold increase in the proportion of EF. Conclusion: The incidence of Riata ICD lead malfunction, both for EF and CE, increased dramatically after seven years and then more than doubled after 10 years post-implantation

Renal function and arterial pressure changes induced by odontological short term therapy nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las posibles modificaciones en la presión arterial, peso corporal y depuración de creatinina en orina recolectada durante 24 horas, en sujetos jóvenes sanos, que han sido sometidos a terapia con dos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES); uno de ellos no selectivo de Ciclooxigenasa (Ibuprofeno) y un inhibidor selectivo de Ciclooxigenasa – 2 (Celecoxib), durante tres días en dosis estandarizadas, frente a un grupo control al que se le administró placebo, en un estudio doble ciego. Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres grupos, para los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio evaluados (p< 0,05). Se concluye que la terapia de corto plazo con los AINES empleados, no producen modificaciones de impacto clínico en la presión arterial, peso corporal y depuración de creatinina en orina de 24 horas.The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible modifications in the arterial pressure, corporal weigh and creatinine cleareance in urine gathered during 24 hours, in healthy young people, under therapy with two non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s); one of them not selective to Ciclooxigenase (Ibuprofen) and a selective inhibitor of Ciclooxigenase - 2 (Celecoxib), during three days in standardized dose, in comparison with a control group that was administered placebo, in a double blind study. The results indicate that there are not statistically significant differences among the three groups, for the clinical and laboratory evaluated parameters (p <0,05). We conclude that a short term therapy with the used NSAID’s doesn’t produce clinical impact modifications in the arterial pressure, corporal weigh and creatinine cleareance in urine gathered during 24 hours

Prevención de la infección posquirúrgica en cirugía de terceras molares retenidas y semirretenidas utilizando dos regímenes de profilaxia antibiótica con Clindamicina

The aim of this study was to compare two antibiotic prophylaxis regimens with Clindamycin in patients under semi-retained third lower molar surgery. Third molar extractions were carried out in healthy patients who complied with the inclusion criteria, in the central clinic surgery service of San Marcos University dentistry faculty. After having performed the exodontia control appointments were programmed during 5 days post – extraction where the infection signs were evaluated through the presence or bleeding or exudates on the surgical bed. This registration was carried out for both groups. The obtained data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (p <0.05). A significant difference was not found in the proportion of cases infected among the groups. However, the results showed a smaller quantity of patients with infection in the group of the intramuscular via (10%) in relation with the oral via group (15%). It was concluded that there was not a significant difference in the prevention of post – surgical infections of third molars using clindamycin for oral or intramuscular via.El objetivo del estudio fue comparar dos esquemas de profilaxis antibiótica con clindamicina en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de tercera molar retenida o semirretenida. Se realizaron exodoncias de terceras molares, en sujetos sanos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, en la clínica de cirugía bucal y máxilofacial de la Facultad de Odontología de la UNMSM. El procedimiento quirúrgico se realizó empleando la técnica quirúrgica estándar, luego de realizada la exodoncia se programó citas de control durante los 5 días post extracción en donde se evaluó la aparición de signos de infección mediante la presencia de exudado o sangrado a nivel del lecho quirúrgico. Este registro se llevó a cabo para ambos grupos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados utilizando la prueba U de Mann-Whitney (p<0.05). No se encontró diferencia estadística significativa en la proporción de casos infectados entre los grupos. Sin embargo, los resultados muestran una menor cantidad de pacientes con infección en el grupo de la administración intramuscular (10%) en relación al grupo de la administración oral (15%). Se concluye que no existe diferencia significativa en la prevención de infecciones post quirúrgicas de terceras molares utilizando clindamicina por vía oral o por vía intramuscular

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file