15 research outputs found

    Multiple star systems in the Orion nebula

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    This is the author accepted manuscript. The final fersion is available from EDP Sciences via the DOI in this record.This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observed a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for ξ1 Ori B, ξ2 Ori B, and ξ2 Ori C. We determined a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for ξ1 Ori A, ξ1 Ori C, ξ1 Ori D, and ξ2 Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refined the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary ξ1 Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for ξ1 Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 M⊙ and a period of 53 days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about two, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints toward a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We excluded collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion.Marie SkƂodowska-Curie Grant AgreementFCT-PortugalERC Starting Gran

    Modeling logistic systems with an agent-based model and dynamic graphs

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    International audienceThis paper is about modeling and simulation of logistic systems. We define them as corridors established between a gateway port, where goods are imported, and urban areas, where the final distributors are located. The efficient management of the flow of goods operated on these corridors requires a structured territory and organized actors. Decentralized decisions of actors and interactions between them make it possible to provide consistent logistic services despite the numerous system constraints (legal, environmental, economical,...).Our goal is to reproduce the behavior of logistic systems through simulation. Our approach consists of describing the dynamics of such a system at a micro level. Therefore, we first enumerate the local properties, constraints and behaviors of each main actor and the infrastructures of this territory in order to extract the essential elements that will be part of the theoretical model. A major aspect of the model is the description of the interface between maritime dynamics (schedule on a day-basis) and metropolitan dynamics (scheduled on an hour basis). This interface is self-organized: macro characteristics emerge from local properties and rules. It is revealing of a complex system, working on different scales, that we model with agents and dynamic graphs.Each actor and infrastructure is represented with agents. The transportation network is a multi-modal dynamic graph that makes possible to model the traffic and topology evolution. This approach enables users, like public authorities, to modify local parameters and observe their effects at the macro level. Thus users can identify levers to control the whole system. We execute some simulations with data on the Seine axis to confront our results with a real case study. We provide some measures (e.g. number of vehicles and quantity of goods) to show that the simulation reproduces the atomization process of logistic flows. We propose a spatial analysis of the goods traffic within the transportation network and compare the effects of two replenishment strategies on the stock shortages

    Logistic corridors modelled with agent-based approach and dynamic graphs

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    International audienceThis work is about the modelling of a logistic corridor in order to understand how a logistic system is structured and organised. An agent-based approach and dynamic graphs are used to integrate spatial constraints and functional rules of such a complex system which can be studied with a multi-scale point of view. An implementation on a simulation platform provides first results on a corridor of the Northern European range: the Seine axis. It is shown that the model can answer to the problematic but provides also features of decision support of spatial planning

    Agent-based Approach and Dynamic Graphs to Model Logistic Corridor

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    International audienceThis paper presents the modelling of a logistic corridor. It integrates the port and the metropolitan logistics connected by an interface. Such a system can be seen as complex. A multi-scale point of view is adopted thanks to an agent-based approach which is coupled with dynamic graphs in order to represent in the one hand the actors involved in the transportation of goods, and in the other hand, the structured environment. The model is implemented in an agent-based simulation platform. Results about the impacts of parameters on the demand generating the flows of goods are finally discussed

    Evaluation des contraintes engendrées par les engins dans les systÚmes de grandes cultures, viticoles et forestiers français

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    International audienceDie Bodenverdichtung wird in Europa als ein wesentlicher Prozess fĂŒr die physische Verschlechterung der Boden angesehen. Sie steht mit der Mechanisierung der landwirtschaftlichen und forstwirtschaftlichen TĂ€tigkeit infolge des Einsatzes von schweren Maschinen im Zusammenhang. In Frankreich unterstĂŒtzt das Ministerium fĂŒr Ökologie und dauerhafte Entwicklung ein Programm ĂŒber die "physische Verschlechterung der Böden durch Verdichtung" (DST). Ihr Ziel ist eine bessere EinschĂ€tzung und VerhĂŒtung der Bodenverdichtungen. Eine erste Aktion dieser Studie besteht darin, den durch FahrzeugsĂŒberfahrten verursachten durchschnittlichen Bodenstress nach Maßgabe der wesentlichsten Produktionstypen (Acker- Wein- und Waldbau) einzuschĂ€tzen. ZunĂ€chst einmal haben wir die Berechnungsmethode festgelegt, um den durchschnittlichen Bodendruck bei der Überfahrt eines Fahrzeuges besser zu veranschlagen. Wir haben insbesondere ausgehend von leicht zugĂ€nglichen Parametern unsere Arbeit auf die EinschĂ€tzung der KontaktflĂ€che zwischen dem Reifen und dem Boden konzentriert. Dann haben wir bei verschiedenen technischen Institutionen Untersuchungen durchgefĂŒhrt, um eine Bestandsaufnahme der Eigenschaften der im Ackerbau, Wein- und Waldbau verwendeten Maschinen zu machen. Ausgehend von dieser Bestandsaufnahme haben wir fĂŒr die verschiedenen Produktionstypen regionale Bodendruckkarten erstellt. In Bezug auf den RĂŒbenanbau stellt diese Arbeit die Anstrengungen der französischen Landwirte fĂŒr eine verminderte Bodenverdichtung bei der Bodenbearbeitung heraus. Dagegen ergibt sich bei der RĂŒbenernte ein wesentlicher Bodendruck in Höhe von 150 kPa. Dies ist mit den bei den anderen Erntemaschinen und Transportfahrzeugen in Wein- und Waldbau festgestellten Werten vergleichbar.Soil compaction is a major process of soil physical degradation in EU. Soil compaction occurs when soil is subject to mechanical constraints through the use of heavy machinery in agriculture and Forestry. The French ministry of Ecology and sustainable development support a project DST on “Soil physical degradation by compaction”. The aim is to improve knowledge on compaction problems in France. A first work was to evaluate stress which is applied on the ground and the conditions in which they are applied for cropping, vineyard and forest system. First we determined the best way to calculate soil constraints from bibliography and some experiments. Especially the work was focused on the prediction of the contact area between tyre and soil from easily accessible parameters. The second step consisted in meeting the experts of each production, in order to make profit of their knowledge and expertise. From this inventory, we calculated the constraints by system and locating them on a chart of France. With regard to sugar beat production, we put into evidence the effort made by French farmers to limit soil compaction at seedbed preparation. In contrast sugar beat harvesting induces high constraints about 150kPa. Similar constraints at harvesting were found for vineyard and forestry systems.Le tassement des sols est reconnu comme un processus majeur de la dĂ©gradation physique des sols en Europe. Il est essentiellement liĂ© Ă  la mĂ©canisation des activitĂ©s agricoles et forestiĂšres qui impliquent des passages d’engins lourds. Au niveau de la France, le MinistĂšre de l’Ecologie et du DĂ©veloppement Durable soutient un programme sur « la DĂ©gradation physique des Sols liĂ©e au Tassement » (DST), qui a pour objectif de mieux Ă©valuer et de prĂ©venir les tassements des sols. Une premiĂšre action de cette Ă©tude a consistĂ© Ă  estimer les contraintes moyennes causĂ©es par les passages d’engins en fonction des grands types de production : systĂšmes de grandes cultures, systĂšmes viticoles et forestiers. Dans un premier temps, nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© la mĂ©thode de calcul pour mieux Ă©valuer la contrainte moyenne au sol lors d’un passage d’engins. Nous avons en particulier centrĂ© notre travail sur la prĂ©diction de l’aire de contact entre le pneu et le sol Ă  partir de paramĂštres facilement accessibles. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une expertise auprĂšs de diffĂ©rents Instituts techniques pour rĂ©aliser un inventaire des chantiers dans les systĂšmes de grande culture, viticoles et forestiers. A partir de cet inventaire, nous avons pu Ă©tablir des cartes des contraintes induites par les diffĂ©rentes productions Ă  un niveau rĂ©gional et pour des chantiers moyens. Concernant la culture de la betterave, ce travail met en Ă©vidence l’effort rĂ©alisĂ© par les agriculteurs français pour limiter les tassements lors de la prĂ©paration de sol. Par contre, la rĂ©colte de betterave engendre des contraintes Ă©levĂ©es, de l’ordre de 150 kPa, comparables Ă  celles engendrĂ©es par les chantiers de rĂ©colte ou de transport des autres productions Ă©tudiĂ©es

    CapĂ­tulo 2. El petrĂłleo en la AmazonĂ­a ecuatoriana: medir los impactos ambientales y sanitarios

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    ÂżSon los hidrocarburos los Ășnicos contaminantes relacionados con las actividades petroleras? Laurence MauriceMarie-HĂ©lĂšne DevierHĂ©lĂšne Budzinski Las emisiones en el medio ambiente debido a las actividades petroleras, o son puntuales (accidentales o no) como las relacionadas con los naufragios (mareas negras), la desgasificaciĂłn de buques petroleros, las fugas de petrĂłleo en las plataformas, o durante el transporte (tuberĂ­as), es decir, son continuas en los sitios de explotaciĂłn. Estos acciden..

    La PlanÚte Revisitée en Corse. Expéditions terrestres 2021 - CÎte orientale et <i>Capicorsu</i>: Bilan scientifique

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    "The Planet Reviewed in Corsica" is an expedition by the MNHN in partnership with the CollectivitĂ© de Corse and the French Office for Biodiversity. Between 2019 and 2022, several teams of scientists are undertaking an inventory of terrestrial and marine diversity of Corsica. The objective is to establish a reference state of a series of sites of high biological value and to modernize the collections of the MNHN. This report provides a quick overview of terrestrial expeditions from two emblematic sectors of Corsica: the west coast and northern Capicorsu. From March to May 2021, 34 participants took part of the inventory of about 10 sites. In 2021, the increased sampling effort and the first phase of identification made it possible to announce 2 227 inventoried species and 11 346 data uploaded and shared in the national inventory of natural heritage (INPN). This last field year makes an important contribution to the national inventory of natural heritage with 75 species inventoried for the first time in Corsica, 5 new species for France and 12 species expected new to science. Many taxa had not been observed for decades or several for more than a century. This knowledge is being disseminated on OpenObs, the French portal for biodiversity. Moreover, the Barcoding campaign achieved a total of 2 200 specimens sequenced for DNA (CO1 et ITS). The results will contribute to the species identifications, the taxonomic revisions to be published but also to enrich the global Barcode of Life information system.« La PlanĂšte RevisitĂ©e en Corse » est une expĂ©dition du MusĂ©um national d’histoire naturelle menĂ©e en partenariat avec la CollectivitĂ© de Corse et l’Office français de la BiodiversitĂ©. Entre 2019 et 2021, plusieurs Ă©quipes de scientifiques entreprennent l’inventaire de diffĂ©rents secteurs terrestres et marins reprĂ©sentatifs de la diversitĂ© de Corse afin d’établir un Ă©tat de rĂ©fĂ©rence d’une sĂ©rie de sites Ă  forte valeur biologique et de moderniser les collections d’histoire naturelle de rĂ©fĂ©rence du MusĂ©um national. Ce rapport propose un premier bilan « Ă  chaud » des expĂ©ditions terrestres de deux secteurs emblĂ©matiques de l’üle : la cĂŽte orientale et le nord du Capicorsu. De mars Ă  mai 2021, 34 personnes ont participĂ© Ă  l’inventaire d’une dizaine de sites. En 2021, l’effort important d’échantillonnage et la premiĂšre phase d’identification permettent d’ores et dĂ©jĂ  d’annoncer plus de 2 227 espĂšces inventoriĂ©es et 11 346 donnĂ©es mises en ligne et partagĂ©es. Cette troisiĂšme et derniĂšre annĂ©e de terrain apporte une contribution importante Ă  l’inventaire du patrimoine naturel avec 12 nouvelles espĂšces pour la science, 75 espĂšces inventoriĂ©es pour la premiĂšre fois en Corse et au moins 5 espĂšces nouvelles pour la France. De nombreux taxons n’avaient pas Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies voire plus d’un siĂšcle pour certains. Cette connaissance est en cours de diffusion sur OpenObs, le portail d'accĂšs aux donnĂ©es d'observation sur les espĂšces. En parallĂšle, la campagne de codes-barres ADN (CO1 et ITS) de 2021 a permis de sĂ©quencer 2 200 individus. Les rĂ©sultats permettront de contribuer aux dĂ©terminations pour les inventaires, aux rĂ©visions taxinomiques qui feront l’objet de publications scientifiques mais Ă©galement d’enrichir le systĂšme d’information global Barcode of Life
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