Ly αα as a tracer of cosmic reionization in the SPHINX radiation-hydrodynamics cosmological simulation

The Ly$\alpha$ emission line is one of the most promising probes of cosmic reionisation but isolating the signature of a change in the ionisation state of the IGM is challenging because of intrinsic evolution and internal radiation transfer effects. We present the first study of the evolution of Ly$\alpha$ emitters (LAE) during the epoch of reionisation based on a full radiation-hydrodynamics cosmological simulation that is able to capture both the large-scale process of reionisation and the small-scale properties of galaxies. We predict the Ly$\alpha$ emission of galaxies in the $10^3$ cMpc$^3$ SPHINX simulation at $6\leq z\leq9$ by computing the full Ly$\alpha$ radiation transfer from ISM to IGM scales. SPHINX is able to reproduce many observational constraints such as the UV/Ly$\alpha$ luminosity functions and stellar mass functions at z $\geq$ 6 for the dynamical range probed by our simulation ($M_{\rm 1500}\gtrsim-18$, $L_{\rm Ly\alpha}\lesssim10^{42}$ erg/s, $M_{\star}\lesssim10^9$ M$_{\odot}$). As intrinsic Ly$\alpha$ emission and internal Ly$\alpha$ escape fractions barely evolve from $z=6$ to 9, the observed suppression of Ly$\alpha$ luminosities with increasing redshift is fully attributed to IGM absorption. For most observable galaxies ($M_{\rm 1500}\lesssim-16$), the Ly$\alpha$ line profiles are slightly shifted to the red due to internal radiative transfer effects which mitigates the effect of IGM absorption. Overall, the enhanced Ly$\alpha$ suppression during reionisation traces the IGM neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI}$ well but the predicted amplitude of this reduction is a strong function of the Ly$\alpha$ peak shift, which is set at ISM/CGM scales. We find that a large number of LAEs could be detectable in very deep surveys during reionisation when $x_{\rm HI}$ is still $\approx 50\%$

Simulating the diversity of shapes of the Lyman-α\alpha line

The Ly$\alpha$ line is a powerful probe of distant galaxies, which contains information about inflowing/outflowing gas through which Ly$\alpha$ photons scatter. To develop our understanding of this probe, we post-process a zoom-in radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of a low-mass ($M_* \sim 10^9 M_\odot$) galaxy to construct 22500 mock spectra in 300 directions from $z = 3$ to 4. Remarkably, we show that one galaxy can reproduce the variety of a large sample of spectroscopically observed Ly$\alpha$ line profiles. While most mock spectra exhibit double-peak profiles with a dominant red peak, their shapes cover a large parameter space in terms of peak velocities, peak separation and flux ratio. This diversity originates from radiative transfer effects at ISM and CGM scales, and depends on galaxy inclination and evolutionary phase. Red-dominated lines preferentially arise in face-on directions during post-starburst outflows and are bright. Conversely, accretion phases usually yield symmetric double peaks in the edge-on direction and are fainter. While resonant scattering effects at $< 0.2\times R_{\rm vir}$ are responsible for the broadening and velocity shift of the red peak, the extended CGM acts as a screen and impacts the observed peak separation. The ability of simulations to reproduce observed Ly$\alpha$ profiles and link their properties with galaxy physical parameters offers new perspectives to use Ly$\alpha$ to constrain the mechanisms that regulate galaxy formation and evolution. Notably, our study implies that deeper Ly$\alpha$ surveys may unveil a new population of blue-dominated lines tracing inflowing gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

The MUSE Extremely Deep Field: The cosmic web in emission at high redshift

We report the discovery of diffuse extended Lyα emission from redshift 3.1 to 4.5, tracing cosmic web filaments on scales of 2.5-4 cMpc. These structures have been observed in overdensities of Lyα emitters in the MUSE Extremely Deep Field, a 140 h deep MUSE observation located in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field. Among the 22 overdense regions identified, five are likely to harbor very extended Lyα emission at high significance with an average surface brightness of 5  ×  10-20 erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2. Remarkably, 70% of the total Lyα luminosity from these filaments comes from beyond the circumgalactic medium of any identified Lyα emitter. Fluorescent Lyα emission powered by the cosmic UV background can only account for less than 34% of this emission at z  ≈  3 and for not more than 10% at higher redshift. We find that the bulk of this diffuse emission can be reproduced by the unresolved Lyα emission of a large population of ultra low-luminosity Lyα emitters (< 1040 erg s-1), provided that the faint end of the Lyα luminosity function is steep (α ⪅ -1.8), it extends down to luminosities lower than 1038 -  1037 erg s-1, and the clustering of these Lyα emitters is significant (filling factor < 1/6). If these Lyα emitters are powered by star formation, then this implies their luminosity function needs to extend down to star formation rates < 10-4M yr-1. These observations provide the first detection of the cosmic web in Lyα emission in typical filamentary environments and the first observational clue indicating the existence of a large population of ultra low-luminosity Lyα emitters at high redshift. © R. Bacon et al. 2021

Impact of Lyman alpha pressure on metal-poor dwarf galaxies

Understanding the origin of strong galactic outflows and the suppression of star formation in dwarf galaxies is a key problem in galaxy formation. Using a set of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of an isolated dwarf galaxy embedded in a $10^{10}\,M_\odot$ halo, we show that the momentum transferred from resonantly scattered Lyman-$\alpha$ (Lya) photons is an important source of stellar feedback which can shape the evolution of galaxies. We find that Lya feedback suppresses star formation by a factor of two in metal-poor galaxies by regulating the dynamics of star-forming clouds before the onset of supernova explosions (SNe). This is possible because each Lya photon resonantly scatters and imparts 10-300 times greater momentum than in the single scattering limit. Consequently, the number of star clusters predicted in the simulations is reduced by a factor of $\sim 5$, compared to the model without the early feedback. More importantly, we find that galactic outflows become weaker in the presence of strong Lya radiation feedback, as star formation and associated SNe become less bursty. We also examine a model in which radiation field is arbitrarily enhanced by a factor of up to 10, and reach the same conclusion. The typical mass loading factors in our metal-poor dwarf system are estimated to be $\sim5-10$ near the mid plane, while it is reduced to $\sim1$ at larger radii. Finally, we find that the escape of ionizing radiation and hence the reionization history of the Universe is unlikely to be strongly affected by Lya feedback

Evolution des disques de galaxies isolées dans l'univers proche (apport de la calibration spectro-photométrique de simulations numériques par des modèles de synthèse de populations stellaires)

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du couplage entre l'évolution dynamique et spectro-photométrique des galaxies isolées à disque, via des simulations numériques "N-corps". Nous présentons une technique de calibration photométrique des simulations incluant étoiles, gaz et formation stellaire avec un modèle de synthèse de populations stellaires et en tenant compte de l'extinction par les poussières. Suite à la description des techniques numériques utilisées, deux études sont présentées montrant l'intérêt d'une telle méthode pour étudier simultanément l'évolution dynamique et photométrique des galaxies. La première consiste en une analyse morphologique détaillée de l'évolution séculaire d'une galaxie isolée à disque. Les effets de la formation d'une barre stellaire et de l'épisode de formation stellaire associé sur les propriétés globales (luminosités, indices de couleur, rayons isophotaux, ellipticité de la barre) sont analysés à partir des images simulées de cette galaxie dans les bandes photométriques B, R, H et K. Les différences morphologiques en fonction de la longueur d'onde et en comparaison avec la distribution de masse sont systématiquement quantifiées, de même que les effets de l'extinction. Nous montrons par exemple que les propriétés dynamiques des régions délimitées par les rayons isophotaux dépendent à la fois de la longueur d'onde et du niveau d'activité de la formation stellaire. La seconde étude est dédiée au problème de la détermination de la longueur de barre et de la position des résonances dynamiques dans les galaxies barrées. Nous avons comparé la position des rayons dynamiques avec les longueurs de barre déterminées selon plusieurs critères observationnels sur nos images simulées dans les bandes B et K. Nous montrons ainsi qu'il est possible d'estimer la position de la résonance ultra-harmonique et de la corotation par une analyse attentive de la distribution de brillance de surface des galaxies barrées.AIX-MARSEILLE1-BU Sci.St Charles (130552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Simulating the diversity of shapes of the Lyman-α line

The Ly α line is a powerful probe of distant galaxies, which contains information about inflowing/outflowing gas through which Ly α photons scatter. To develop our understanding of this probe, we post-process a zoom-in radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of a low-mass (Mstar ∼ 109 M) galaxy to construct 22 500 mock spectra in 300 directions from z = 3 to 4. Remarkably, we show that one galaxy can reproduce the variety of a large sample of spectroscopically observed Ly α line profiles. While most mock spectra exhibit double-peak profiles with a dominant red peak, their shapes cover a large parameter space in terms of peak velocities, peak separation, and flux ratio. This diversity originates from radiative transfer effects at interstellar medium and circum-galactic medium (CGM) scales, and depends on galaxy inclination and evolutionary phase. Red-dominated lines preferentially arise in face-on directions during post-starburst outflows and are bright. Conversely, accretion phases usually yield symmetric double peaks in the edge-on direction and are fainter. While resonant scattering effects at &lt;0.2 × Rvir are responsible for the broadening and velocity shift of the red peak, the extended CGM acts as a screen and impacts the observed peak separation. The ability of simulations to reproduce observed Ly α profiles and link their properties with galaxy physical parameters offers new perspectives to use Ly α to constrain the mechanisms that regulate galaxy formation and evolution. Notably, our study implies that deeper Ly α surveys may unveil a new population of blue-dominated lines tracing inflowing gas.</p

A systematic study of the escape of LyC and Lyα photons from star-forming, magnetized turbulent clouds

32 pages, 20 figures, Submitted to ApJUnderstanding the escape of Lyman continuum (LyC) and Lyman α (Lyα) photons from giant molecular clouds (GMCs) is crucial if we are to study the reionization of the Universe and to interpret spectra of observed galaxies at high redshift. To this end, we perform high-resolution, radiationmagneto-hydrodynamic simulations of GMCs with self-consistent star formation and stellar feedback. We find that a significant fraction (15-70%) of ionizing radiation escapes from the simulated GMCs with different masses (10 5 and 10 6 M), as the clouds are dispersed within about 2-5 Myr from the onset of star formation. The fraction of LyC and Lyα photons leaked is larger when the GMCs are less massive, metal-poor, more turbulent, and less dense. The most efficient leakage of LyC radiation occurs when the total star formation efficiency of a GMC is about 20%. The escape of Lyα shows a trend similar to that of LyC photons, except that the fraction of Lyα photons escaping from the GMCs is larger (f Lyα ≈ f 0.27 900). The simulated GMCs show a characteristic velocity separation of ∆v ≈ 120 km s −1 in the time-averaged emergent Lyα spectra, suggesting that Lyα could be useful to infer the kinematics of the interstellar and circumgalactic medium. We show that Lyα luminosities are a useful indicator of the LyC escape, provided the number of LyC photons can be deduced through stellar population modeling. Finally, we find that the correlations between the escape fractions of Lyα, ultraviolet photons at 1500Å, and the Balmer α line are weak

Gas flows in the circumgalactic medium around simulated high-redshift galaxies

International audienceWe analyse the properties of circumgalactic gas around simulated galaxies in the redshift range z ≥ 3, utilizing a new sample of cosmological zoom simulations. These simulations are intended to be representative of the observed samples of Lyman α (Ly α) emitters recently obtained with the multi unit spectroscopic explorer (MUSE) instrument (halo masses ∼1010-1011 M⊙). We show that supernova feedback has a significant impact on both the inflowing and outflowing circumgalactic medium (CGM) by driving outflows, reducing diffuse inflow rates, and by increasing the neutral fraction of inflowing gas. By temporally stacking simulation outputs, we find that significant net mass exchange occurs between inflowing and outflowing phases: none of the phases are mass-conserving. In particular, we find that the mass in neutral outflowing hydrogen declines exponentially with radius as gas flows outwards from the halo centre. This is likely caused by a combination of both fountain-like cycling processes and gradual photoionization/collisional ionization of outflowing gas. Our simulations do not predict the presence of fast-moving neutral outflows in the CGM. Neutral outflows instead move with modest radial velocities (∼50 km s-1), and the majority of the kinetic energy is associated with tangential rather than radial motion