Internal and external factors of food security policy in Russia

The article substantiates that food security and food independence of Russia is accompanied by new internal and external factors. Counter-measures from Russia include quickened import substitution, modernization of agriculture, and investments for increase of efficiency and competitiveness under the conditions of growing economic, social, political, and natural & climatic turbulence. As to foreign policy, these counter-measures include membership in the WTO, integration into the Eurasian Economic Union, globalization of agricultural sphere, foreign sanctions against or limiting food import in Russia, and exchange of partners in export and import. Policy of food security and independence is conducted under the conditions of high inflation and is rather costly. Vectors of food security of Russia are differently directed, though there is economic growth of agriculture. Food security and food independence become a part of national security and independence. Innovational strategy of modernization of agriculture should be considered to be the highest priority of country’s development. Increase of support for Russian agriculture from state budget, regional budget, federal and regional programs, and subsidies are especially important.peer-reviewe

Rationale for the use of benchmarking in territorial development

The article reveals the research of the importance of such effective marketing tool as benchmarking increasing the competitiveness of economic systems. An algorithm is being developed for applying benchmarking technology to the specifics of the development and implementation of the strategy and tactics of regional development. It is determined that the implementation of benchmarking technology in the territorial development in the context of modern Russian reality is prioritized in choosing a set of competitive advantages that the latter can have in the long term.peer-reviewe

The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

Palladium Catalysts on Carbon Supports Prepared from a Natural Graphite and Anthracite

Influence of the conditions of the carbon supports preparation from an expanded natural graphite and chemically modified anthracites on the formation of carbon porous structure, on the distribution and sizes of supported palladium particles and their catalytic activity in liquid phase reactions of hexene-1 and cyclohexene hydrogenation has been studied. At the same reaction parameters and Pd content the catalytic activity of different samples varies by more than 100 times. Besides, the activity of some catalysts in hexene hydrogenation is much higher (up to 20 times) than that in cyclohexene hydrogenation reaction. The possible reasons for observed differences in Pd catalyst behavior are analysed

Influence of Copper Acetate on the Thermochemical Transformations of Hydrolytic Lignin and its Mixtures with Oil Slimes

By using various physical and chemical methods there were studied the thermochemical transformations of hydrolytic lignin modified with copper and its mixtures with oil slimes. As a result at the accomplished study there was carried out the selection of the conditions for modifying and thermal activation this industrial waste providing the production the active carbons with the yield 18-19 wt% and specific surface area of 620 m2/g

Properties of Active Carbons Produced by Thermochemical Transformation of Lignin, Brown Coal and Oil Slime Mixtures

The yield and properties of active carbons (AC) produced by combined pyrolysis and activation of the mixtures: hydrolytic lignin – oil slime, brown coal – oil slime and hydrolytic lignin – brown coal – oil slime have been compared. The yield of AC from a triple mixture is lower than that from brown coal – oil slime, but higher than that of lignin – oil slime mixtures. The reached yield (15-20 %) and surface area (about 400 m2/g) of AC from triple mixture hydrolytic lignin – oil slime –brown coal are enough for their industrial using

Study of Thermochemical Transformations of Hydrolytic Lignin and the Properties of the Produced Active Carbons

There has been studied the influence of the conditions of heat treatment of hydrolytic lignin and its mixtures with oil slime on the yield, structure and adsorption properties of active carbons (AC). With the increase in the temperature of lignin processing from 400 to 900 ˚C, the yield of active carbon decreases, and its specific surface area and sorption activity reach the maximum values at 800 ˚C. The mutual influence of the components of the mixture of hydrolytic lignin and oil slime during the thermochemical transformations, becomes apparent in the variation of the yield and the porous structure of AC. As for the oil slime, it acts as a binding and structure forming component

Influence of Copper Acetate on the Thermochemical Transformations of Hydrolytic Lignin and its Mixtures with Oil Slimes

By using various physical and chemical methods there were studied the thermochemical transformations of hydrolytic lignin modified with copper and its mixtures with oil slimes. As a result at the accomplished study there was carried out the selection of the conditions for modifying and thermal activation this industrial waste providing the production the active carbons with the yield 18-19 wt% and specific surface area of 620 m2/g

Palladium Catalysts on Carbon Supports Prepared from a Natural Graphite and Anthracite

Influence of the conditions of the carbon supports preparation from an expanded natural graphite and chemically modified anthracites on the formation of carbon porous structure, on the distribution and sizes of supported palladium particles and their catalytic activity in liquid phase reactions of hexene-1 and cyclohexene hydrogenation has been studied. At the same reaction parameters and Pd content the catalytic activity of different samples varies by more than 100 times. Besides, the activity of some catalysts in hexene hydrogenation is much higher (up to 20 times) than that in cyclohexene hydrogenation reaction. The possible reasons for observed differences in Pd catalyst behavior are analysed