Absolute charge calibration of scintillating screens for relativistic electron detection

We report on new charge calibrations and linearity tests with high-dynamic range for eight different scintillating screens typically used for the detection of relativistic electrons from laser-plasma based acceleration schemes. The absolute charge calibration was done with picosecond electron bunches at the ELBE linear accelerator in Dresden. The lower detection limit in our setup for the most sensitive scintillating screen (KODAK Biomax MS) was 10 fC/ mm 2. The screens showed a linear photon-to-charge dependency over several orders of magnitude. An onset of saturation effects starting around 10-100 pC/ mm2 was found for some of the screens. Additionally, a constant light source was employed as a luminosity reference to simplify the transfer of a one-time absolute calibration to different experimental setups

ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ РАКОМ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ У ЖИТЕЛЕЙ Г. ТОМСКА И ТОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The analysis of thyroid cancer incidence and its structure among different populations of Tomsk region is presented. We studied the report documents, the database of the Tomsk regional oncologic dispensary for the period 2008 to 2012. The clinical characteristics of patients with thyroid cancer were summarizes according to sex, age and place of residence. The papillary cancer was the most often diagnosed. It was found that in young patients, thyroid cancer was diagnosed more often in the stage 1 and 2. On the other hand, in elderly patients (above 60 years), thyroid cancer diagnosed at stage 3 and 4. In the Tomsk region, as elsewhere in the world, thyroid cancer is detected more often in women.Представлены результаты анализа заболеваемости раком щитовидной железы среди жителей Томской области, особенности ее структуры среди различных контингентов населения. Были изучены база данных и отчетные документы Томского областного онкологического диспансера за период 2008–2012 гг. Обобщена клиническая характеристика больных раком щитовидной железы в зависимости от пола, возраста и места проживания. В результате анализа установлено, что лидирующее место в морфологической структуре рака щитовидной железы принадлежит папиллярному раку. Выявлено увеличение количества вновь выявленных больных, установлено, что рак щитовидной железы в молодом возрасте чаще диагностируется на ранних стадиях, стадии 3 и 4 при первичной диагностике встречаются преимущественно у лиц старше 60 лет. В Томской области, как и во всем мире, среди больных раком щитовидной железы превалируют женщины

Lancet

BACKGROUND: In 2015, the second cycle of the CONCORD programme established global surveillance of cancer survival as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems and to inform global policy on cancer control. CONCORD-3 updates the worldwide surveillance of cancer survival to 2014. METHODS: CONCORD-3 includes individual records for 37.5 million patients diagnosed with cancer during the 15-year period 2000-14. Data were provided by 322 population-based cancer registries in 71 countries and territories, 47 of which provided data with 100% population coverage. The study includes 18 cancers or groups of cancers: oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, prostate, and melanoma of the skin in adults, and brain tumours, leukaemias, and lymphomas in both adults and children. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were rectified by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: For most cancers, 5-year net survival remains among the highest in the world in the USA and Canada, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. For many cancers, Denmark is closing the survival gap with the other Nordic countries. Survival trends are generally increasing, even for some of the more lethal cancers: in some countries, survival has increased by up to 5% for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and lung. For women diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for breast cancer is now 89.5% in Australia and 90.2% in the USA, but international differences remain very wide, with levels as low as 66.1% in India. For gastrointestinal cancers, the highest levels of 5-year survival are seen in southeast Asia: in South Korea for cancers of the stomach (68.9%), colon (71.8%), and rectum (71.1%); in Japan for oesophageal cancer (36.0%); and in Taiwan for liver cancer (27.9%). By contrast, in the same world region, survival is generally lower than elsewhere for melanoma of the skin (59.9% in South Korea, 52.1% in Taiwan, and 49.6% in China), and for both lymphoid malignancies (52.5%, 50.5%, and 38.3%) and myeloid malignancies (45.9%, 33.4%, and 24.8%). For children diagnosed during 2010-14, 5-year survival for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ranged from 49.8% in Ecuador to 95.2% in Finland. 5-year survival from brain tumours in children is higher than for adults but the global range is very wide (from 28.9% in Brazil to nearly 80% in Sweden and Denmark). INTERPRETATION: The CONCORD programme enables timely comparisons of the overall effectiveness of health systems in providing care for 18 cancers that collectively represent 75% of all cancers diagnosed worldwide every year. It contributes to the evidence base for global policy on cancer control. Since 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has used findings from the CONCORD programme as the official benchmark of cancer survival, among their indicators of the quality of health care in 48 countries worldwide. Governments must recognise population-based cancer registries as key policy tools that can be used to evaluate both the impact of cancer prevention strategies and the effectiveness of health systems for all patients diagnosed with cancer. FUNDING: American Cancer Society; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Swiss Re; Swiss Cancer Research foundation; Swiss Cancer League; Institut National du Cancer; La Ligue Contre le Cancer; Rossy Family Foundation; US National Cancer Institute; and the Susan G Komen Foundation

Asymptotical theory of runaway electron diffusion due to magnetic turbulence in tokamak plasma

Asymptotic theory of transport of runaway electrons in a toroidal plasma in the presence of small-scale magnetic turbulence is proposed. It is based on relativistic Hamiltonian guiding center equations for runaway electrons in toroidal plasmas. Using the asymptotical analysis the explicit relation between the spectral (m, n)-components of perturbation Hamiltonian and the corresponding spectrum of the magnetic turbulence is found. This relation depends only on a few parameters of runaway orbits and magnetic surfaces. The radial profiles of runaway diffusion coefficients are found employing two methods, the quasilinear approximation and the direct calculations using a fast running mapping. The dependence of the shielding factor of the runaway electron parameters and the turbulence spectra is discussed. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Temporal and spectral evolution of runaway electron bursts in TEXTOR disruptions

Novel observations of the burst-like runaway electron losses in tokamak disruptions are reported. The runaway bursts are temporally resolved and first-time measurements of the corresponding runaway energy spectra are presented. A characteristic shape and burst to burst changes of the spectra are found. The runaway energy content of the disruptions and the conversion of the predisruptive magnetic energy are estimated. The radial decay of the runaways can be approximated by an exponential distribution. Deriving from the measurements, resistive tearing modes or kink modes are suggested to trigger the formation of the bursts