Dán ingatlanpiaci árazási minták az eladási folyamat során

A 2016. év végi dán ingatlanpiaci kínálat és likviditási adatok elemzésével górcső alá vettük az ingatlaneladási folyamatot. Egyértelműen kimutatható, hogy az ingatlan tulajdonosa mint elsődleges eladó másként ítéli meg a piaci adottságokat városi, másként vidéki ingatlanok esetén, és ez az észlelésből fakadó eltérés megjelenik az ingatlan árazásában is. Szignifi káns továbbá a kapcsolat az elsődleges ajánlati ár és az eladási ár között, vagyis az elsődlegesen kért ár meghatározza a végleges eladási ár kereteit. Meghatároztuk az észlelésből fakadó árkülönbség fő tényezőit, amelyek alátámasztják, hogy az ingatlanpiacok olyan mértékben függnek helyi adottságoktól, hogy az egy kaptafára kialakított megoldások sem jellemzésre, sem elemzésre, így szabályozásra sem megfelelőek

Personal Bankruptcy Systems in the EU – Measuring Leniency [védés előtt]

Since the Second World War, there has been a massive credit expansion to consumers, also in Europe. With increased credit to consumers comes inevitably increased risk of a negative credit event, in many cases due to change of life events, such as loss of job, sickness, divorce, and death of an income earner in a family. This in turn, in Europe, has led to a regulatory wave to introduce personal bankruptcy regimes for consumers and entrepreneurs. Academic research on personal bankruptcy has distinguished between firstly discussions on personal bankruptcy regulations in themselves and are usually focused on the controversial impact thereof on society, economy, financial markets, entrepreneurship, and labour supply. Secondly ad distinctly, limited research has tried to comparatively analyse personal bankruptcy regimes across jurisdictions, in order to access their degree of leniency. Armour and Cummings (2008) evaluated the systems of various chosen countries (England, US, Germany, France, Canada) and White (2007) contrasted the bankruptcy policies based on the trade-off between providing insurance to debtors against punishing default. Walter, G. (2020) described key tenets between US and Austrian models, such as Austria and Hungary. The methodology of measuring leniency has been limited to one-time legislative changes or some elements of, in particular, the US personal bankruptcy system. • • The research carried out here, builds on previous studies, but expands both the number of countries in the study and the number of indicators to create a composite index of personal bankruptcy legislations. • • The aim of the research is to construct a composite index, which includes the characteristics and elements of EU personal bankruptcy systems in order to compare • their leniency, and to compare and rank the personal bankruptcy legislative systems of all EU countries from the leniency aspect, to analyse the differences and similarities.1 • • The result is a calculation of the composite index for 25 EU countries and the US as a benchmark, validated results, and a ranking of the countries according to the leniency of their personal bankruptcy systems. The analysis is revolving around four hypothesised explanatory factors by analysing the index scores by: grouping based on leniency characteristics, region, law origin, and the age of the regime. • • It is concluded that the systems show high heterogeneity and cannot be clustered by leniency characteristics, region or legal origin assumed based on former studies. However, there is a strong association between leniency and the age of legislation. • • Results indicate that personal bankruptcy policies in the EU are usually launched as creditor-friendly and are later shifted to a more lenient direction. • • The research underpins the more modern regulatory regime adopted by the EU in terms of the Fresh Start Directive that is currently being rolled out in member states, but would criticize the EU initiative for being insufficient in as far as it is only obligatory for an entrepreneurial fresh start, and hence insufficient as it only recommends extending the framework to consumers. • • The research also points to the need to keep revising national regulatory frameworks to account for the maturation of the personal bankruptcy process, in terms of making them more lenient, as seems to be the experience across Europe. • • Finally, the research underscores the need for further research in the area

The Leniency of Personal Bankruptcy Regulations in the EU Countries

Discussions on personal bankruptcy regulations are usually focused on the controversial effects of leniency on society, economy, financial markets, entrepreneurship, and labour supply. However, the methodology of measuring leniency has been limited to one-time legislative changes or some elements of the US personal bankruptcy system. In contrast, we create a composite index of personal bankruptcy legislations. We calculate the composite index for 25 EU countries and the US as a benchmark, validate the results, and rank the countries according to the leniency of their personal bankruptcy systems. We analyse the index scores by region, law origin, and the age of the regime. We conclude that the systems show high heterogeneity and cannot be clustered by region or legal origin assumed based on former studies. However, there is a strong association between leniency and the age of legislation. Results indicate that personal bankruptcy policies in the EU are usually launched as creditor-friendly and are later shifted to a more lenient direction

Structure-property relationships in glass reinforced polyamide, part 2: The effects of average fiber diameter and diameter distribution

We present the results of an extensive study of the influence of average fibre diameter and the width of the diameter distribution on the performance of injection moulded glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 66. In the average fibre diameter range from 9-18m dry-as-moulded (DaM) composite unnotched impact and tensile strength decreased significantly. The composite notched impact performance and tensile modulus showed little dependence on fibre diameter. The influence of broadening the fibre diameter distribution by blending glass fibre samples of different average diameter was found to be particularly negative on the level of composite unnotched impact when compared at equal number average diameter. After hydrolysis treatment the composite tensile strength and modulus exhibited a large drop compared to the DaM results. In contrast, the unnotched impact results became insensitive to fibre diameter after hydrolysis. The average level of unnotched impact after hydrolysis was sufficiently high to show an increase over DaM when the fibre diameter was above 14m. Residual fibre length correlated significantly with fibre diameter with a lower average length for thinner fibres. The interfacial shear strength was found to be in the range of 26-34 MPa for DaM composites. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between the DaM interfacial strength and the average fibre diameter. It is shown that results from both tensile and unnotched impact measurements can be brought back to single trend lines by using a Z average value for the average fibre diameter which is more heavily weighted to the thicker fibres in the distribution

Structure-property relationships in glass-reinforced polyamide, part 1: The effects of fiber content

We present the results of an extensive study of the performance of injection-molded glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 66 with glass content between 0 and 40% and based on two chopped glass products both sized with polyamide compatible sizing. Mechanical properties generally improved with increasing glass content, modulus linearly, strength with a maximum at 40-50% glass content, and impact showing an initial decrease from the resin value with a minimum at 4% glass content before increasing at higher glass contents. Residual fiber length decreased linearly with increasing glass content. Interfacial strength was found to be in the range of 30-36 MPa, and no significant differences in dry as molded performance was found between the 123D and 173X sizings. Conditioning these composites in either boiling water or water/glycol mixtures leads to a dramatic drop in both tensile modulus and tensile strength. This is most likely due to the high level of matrix plasticization. After conditioning, the 173X sized glass delivered a significantly higher level of tensile elongation at all fiber contents. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental data and the theoretical predictions of the rule of mixtures model for modulus and the Kelly-Tyson model for strength over the range of fiber concentrations studied

Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics: Prediction of Stiffness in Injection Molded PS-PPO Blends

The prediction of stiffness in short fiber reinforced thermoplastics is stud ied as a function of fiber length using injection molded blends of PS and PPO. The theoret ical models for predicting composite stiffness are reviewed. The results are first compared with the theoretical models advanced for uniaxially aligned composites. These models predict higher than experimental values. However, agreement between the predictions and experimental values improves when the effect of fiber orientation distribution in the injec tion molded samples is taken into account and as the ductility (or the PPO content) of the matrix increases. Cox's model when used with the "laminate analogy" gives the closest prediction to the experimental stiffness. Reinforcement efficiency factor for stiffness is a strong function of retained fiber lengths. The dependence of composite stiffness on the matrix ductility and the effects of compatibility on the mechanical properties of PS-PPO blend system are also discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68613/2/10.1177_089270579100400205.pd

The biomechanics of amnion rupture: an X-ray diffraction study

Pre-term birth is the leading cause of perinatal and neonatal mortality, 40% of which are attributed to the pre-term premature rupture of amnion. Rupture of amnion is thought to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the extracellular collagen content and/or increase in collagenase activity. However, there is very little information concerning the detailed organisation of fibrillar collagen in amnion and how this might influence rupture. Here we identify a loss of lattice like arrangement in collagen organisation from areas near to the rupture site, and present a 9% increase in fibril spacing and a 50% decrease in fibrillar organisation using quantitative measurements gained by transmission electron microscopy and the novel application of synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These data provide an accurate insight into the biomechanical process of amnion rupture and highlight X-ray diffraction as a new and powerful tool in our understanding of this process

Finite element analysis of natural fiber composites using a self-updating model

No embargo required The aim of the current work was to illustrate the effect of the fibre area correction factor on the results of modelling natural fibre-reinforced composites. A mesoscopic approach is adopted to represent the stochastic heterogeneity of the composite, i.e. a meso-structural numerical model was prototyped using the finite element method including quasi-unidirectional discrete fibre elements embedded in a matrix. The model was verified by the experimental results from previous work on jute fibres but is extendable to every natural fibre with cross-sectional non-uniformity. A correction factor was suggested to fine-tune both the analytical and numerical models. Moreover, a model updating technique for considering the size-effect of fibres is introduced and its implementation was automated by means of FORTRAN subroutines and Python scripts. It was shown that correcting and updating the fibre strength is critical to obtain accurate macroscopic response of the composite when discrete modelling of fibres is intended. Based on the current study, it is found that consideration of the effect of flaws on the strength of natural fibres and inclusion of the fibre area correction factor are crucial to obtain realistic results. </jats:p

Macro and micromechanics analysis of short fiber composites stiffness: The case of old newspaper fibers-polypropylene composites

Stiffness is one of the most relevant characteristics of composite materials. Natural wood fibers have demonstrated their ability to increase the Young's moduli of composite materials, and old newspapers are a potential source of reinforcing fibers for composite materials. There are some micromechanic models to predict the Young's modulus of composite materials, and one of the input data is the intrinsic modulus of their fibers. This intrinsic modulus is a value which is difficult or impossible to measure in the case of wood fibers, due to their measures. This paper evaluates the stiffening abilities of old newspaper fibers and the possibility to back calculate the value of the intrinsic Young's Modulus by means of micromechanic models. Different percentages of old newspaper fibers were compounded with polypropylene (PP). Micromechanics of the fibers were obtained using Hirsch model, Cox-Krenchel's model, Tsai-Pagano model and Halpin-Tsai equations. The most important results were the average intrinsic Young's modulus of the fibers, the mean orientation angle and the mean modulus efficiency factor.Serrano, A.; Espinach, FX.; Tresserras, J.; Rey Tormos, RMD.; Pellicer, N.; Mutje Pujol, P. (2014). Macro and micromechanics analysis of short fiber composites stiffness: The case of old newspaper fibers-polypropylene composites. Materials and Design. 55:319-324. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.10.011S3193245