Concerning a new classification of tricyanides

A new classification series of tricyanides is presented. Several tricyanides are synthesized by a simple method from aluminum chloride, benzonitrile, and a respective alkyl or phenyl chloride, purified by recrystallization and distillation, and then analyzed. Structural formulae are suggested, and molecular weights, melting points, and boiling points are determined for each

Dynamical and rheological properties of fluorinated surfactant films adsorbed at the pressurized CO2-H2O interface

The dynamics of adsorption, interfacial tension, and rheological properties of two phosphocholine-derived partially fluorinated surfactants FnHmPC, designed to compensate for the weak CO(2)-surfactant tail interactions, were determined at the pressurized CO(2)-H(2)O interface. The two surfactants differ only by the length of the hydrocarbon spacer (5 CH(2) in F8H5PC and 11 CH(2) in F8H11PC) located between the terminal perfluoroalkyl chain and the polar head. The length of this spacer was found to have a critical impact on the adsorption kinetics and elasticity of the interfacial surfactant film. F8H5PC is soluble in both water and CO(2) phases and presents several distinct successive interfacial behaviors when bulk water concentration (C(W)) increases and displays a nonclassical isotherm shape. The isotherms of F8H5PC are similar for the three CO(2) pressures investigated and comprise four regimes. In the first regime, at low C(W), the interfacial tension is controlled by the organization that occurs between H(2)O and CO(2). The second regime corresponds to the adsorption of the surfactant as a monolayer until the CO(2) phase is saturated with F8H5PC, resulting in a first inflection point. In this regime, F8H5PC molecules reach maximal compaction and display the highest apparent interfacial elasticity. In the third regime, a second inflection is observed that corresponds to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant in water. At the highest concentrations (fourth regime), the interfacial films are purely viscous and highly flexible, suggesting the capacity for this surfactant to produce water-in-CO(2) microemulsion. In this regime, surfactant adsorption is very fast and equilibrium is reached in less than 100 s. The behavior of F8H11PC is drastically different: it forms micelles only in the water phase, resulting in a classical Gibbs interface. This surfactant decreases the interfacial tension down to 1 mN/m and forms a strongly elastic interface. As this surfactant forms a very cohesive interface, it should be suitable for formulating stable water-in-CO(2) emulsions. The finding that the length of the hydrocarbon spacer in partially fluorinated surfactants can drastically influence film properties at the CO(2)-H(2)O interface should help control the formation of microemulsions versus emulsions and help elaborate a rationale for the design of surfactants specifically adapted to pressurized CO(2)

Der Siedepunkt im Vacuum, eine neue Constante und deren Bedeutung

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JOINT LOADING AT DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF SQUATS

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of squatting in a common, in a knee-shifted position and in an inclined position (3 cm heel lift) on joint loading. 16 male subjects were tested during squatting with an additional mass of 20 kg. Kinematic and kinetic recordings were performed by two force platforms (AMTI) and a ten infrared camera system (VICON). Inverse dynamics were calculated using a recursive multibody algorithm. Results showed significantly higher ankle dorsiflexion moments as well as higher knee varus moments for the knee-shifted performance. Due to the higher load on the ankle and the knee joint the knee-shifted variation should be avoided in squat training. The inclination of 3 cm does not lead to alterations of the joint moments and therefore does not lead to beneficial effects with respect to joint loading

Young Individuals Are More Stable and Stand More Upright When Using Rollator Assistance During Standing up and Sitting Down

Four-wheeled walkers or rollators are often used to assist older individuals in maintaining an independent life by compensating for muscle weakness and reduced movement stability. However, limited biomechanical studies have been performed to understand how rollator support affects posture and stability, especially when standing up and sitting down. Therefore, this study examined how stability and posture change with varying levels of rollator support and on an unstable floor. The aim was to collect comprehensive baseline data during standing up and sitting down in young participants. In this study, 20 able-bodied, young participants stood up and sat down both 1) unassisted and assisted using a custom-made robot rollator simulator under 2) full support and 3) touch support. Unassisted and assisted performances were analyzed on normal and unstable floors using balance pads with a compliant surface under each foot. Using 3D motion capturing and two ground-embedded force plates, we compared assistive support and floor conditions for movement duration, the relative timing of seat-off, movement stability (center of pressure (COP) path length and sway area), and posture after standing up (lower body sagittal joint angles) using ANOVA analysis. The relative event of seat-off was earliest under full support compared to touch and unassisted conditions under normal but not under unstable floor conditions. The duration of standing up and sitting down did not differ between support conditions on normal or unstable floors. COP path length and sway area during both standing up and sitting down were lowest under full support regardless of both floor conditions. Hip and knee joints were least flexed under full support, with no differences between touch and unassisted in both floor conditions. Hence, full rollator support led to increased movement stability, while not slowing down the movement, during both standing up and sitting down. During standing up, the full support led to an earlier seat-off and a more upright standing posture when reaching a stable stance. These results indicate that rollator support when handles are correctly aligned does not lead to the detrimental movement alterations of increased forward-leaning. Future research aims to verify these findings in older persons with stability and muscle weakness deficiencies

Quantifying the effect of status in a multi-tier loyalty program

Multi-Tier Loyalty Programs (MTLPs) have become a popular marketing instrument to develop customer-firm relationships. Within a MTLP, customers are assigned to different tiers based on their purchase behavior. In this article, we examine whether and when tiers in the MTLP are effective in influencing customer purchase behavior, specifically share of wallet (SOW). A unique business-to-business dataset of a firm in the German agricultural market from 2009 to 2017 is used for the analysis. Data is available on the customer-specific tier level in the MTLP each year. We utilize a Tobit-style panel regression model for the analysis which is inspired by the Regression Discontinuity Design approach. This study makes several important contributions. First, it examines the effect of status in MTLPs and uses causal design to quantify the hitherto intangible effect of customer tiers. Second, this study reveals important insights on how the tier levels interact with other drivers of customer-firm relationships. Third, we use an interesting dataset from a B2B market and thereby contribute to the limited existing literature on the effectiveness of loyalty programs in B2B markets. Armed with a new understanding of how customers respond to tier levels or the negative effects of tenure especially in the highest tier, academics and managers gain new perspectives of whether and how loyalty programs affect customer behavior and drive desired outcomes in the marketplace. © 202

Perfluoroalkylated amphiphiles with a morpholinophosphate or a dimorpholinophosphate polar head group

Some previously synthesized (perfluoroalkyl)alkyldimorpholinophosphates, CnF2n+1CmH2mOP(O)-[N(CH2CH2)(2)O](2), were found remarkably to stabilize heat sterilizable water-in-fluorocarbon reverse emulsions and to have a strong proclivity to self-aggregate into microtubular assemblies when dispersed in water. This series has now been extended in order to allow structure-property relationships to be established and product optimization to be achieved. A new series of even more fluorophilic compounds consisting in bis[(perfluoroalkyl)alkyl]monomorpholinophosphates, (CnF2n+1CmH2mO)(2)P(O)N(CH2CH2)(2)O, was also synthesized. Preliminary surfactant activity and biocompatibility data are presented and compared to data obtained with non-fluorinated analogues

New methodology to process shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy data : a case study of pollen classification

Shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) is a background correction method for Raman spectroscopy. Here, the difference spectra were directly used as input for SERDS-based classification after an optimization procedure to correct for photobleaching of the autofluorescence. Further processing included a principal component analysis to compensate for the reduced signal to noise ratio of the difference spectra and subsequent classification by linear discriminant analysis. As a case study 6,028 Raman spectra of single pollen originating from plants of eight different genera and four different growth habits were automatically recorded at excitation wavelengths 784 and 786 nm using a high-throughput screening Raman system. Different pollen were distinguished according to their growth habit, i.e. tree versus non-tree with an accuracy of 95.9%. Furthermore, all pollen were separated according to their genus, providing also insight into similarities based on their families. Classification results were compared using spectra reconstructed from the differences and raw spectra after state-of-art baseline correction as input. Similar sensitivities, specificities, accuracies and precisions were found for all spectra with moderately background. Advantages of SERDS are expected in scenarios where Raman spectra are affected by variations due to detector etaloning, ambient light, and high background

Evaluation des Nationalen Programms Ernährung und Bewegung 2008–2012 [Evaluation NPEB 2008-2012]

Le PNAAP 2008–2012 définit la stratégie nationale pour la promotion d’une alimentation équilibrée et d'une activité physique suffisante. Le 18 juin 2008, le Conseil fédéral adoptait le programme et chargeait le DFI de sa mise en pratique. Ce programme définit des objectifs à long terme ainsi que des champs d’action prioritaires pour la marche à suivre au plan national ; c’est aussi sur ce programme que se base la collaboration des différents acteurs impliqués. Sa mise en œuvre a été confiée à l’Office fédéral de la santé publique (OFSP), en collaboration avec l’Office fédéral du sport (OFSPO) et en coordination avec les cantons et Promotion Santé Suisse (PSS). Le PNAAP a une vision: motiver la population et plus particulièrement les jeunes à se nourrir de manière équilibrée et à bouger suffisamment, car ces mesures sont à même de lutter efficacement contre la surcharge pondérale, l’obésité, les troubles du comportement alimentaire et les maladies non transmissibles qui y sont liées. Le programme a cinq objectifs: 1. Assurer la coordination nationale 2. Promouvoir une alimentation équilibrée 3. Promouvoir l’activité physique et le sport 4. Réaliser des modèles intégrés de promotion d’un poids corporel sain 5. Optimiser le conseil et la thérapi