Phytoplankton community responses to temperature fluctuations under different nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry

Nutrient availability and temperature are important drivers of phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry. However, the interactive effects of nutrients and temperature on phytoplankton have been analyzed mostly by addressing changes in average temperature, whereas recent evidence suggests an important role of temperature fluctuations. In a laboratory experiment, we grew a natural phytoplankton community under fluctuating and constant temperature regimes across 25 combinations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply. Temperature fluctuations decreased phytoplankton growth rate (rmax), as predicted by nonlinear averaging along the temperature–growth relationship. rmax increased with increasing P supply, and a significant temperature × P × N interaction reflected that the shape of the thermal reaction norm depended on nutrients. By contrast, phytoplankton carrying capacity increased with N supply and in fluctuating rather than constant temperature. Higher phytoplankton N:P ratios under constant temperature showed that temperature regimes affected cellular nutrient incorporation. Minor differences in species diversity and composition existed. Our results suggest that temperature variability interacts with nutrient supply to affect phytoplankton physiology and stoichiometry at the community level

Effects of seasonal seston and temperature changes on lake zooplankton fatty acids

Abstract We investigated how seston fatty acids (FA) and water temperature explained seasonal variation in cladoceran and copepod FA over three years in pre-alpine, oligotrophic Lake Lunz, Austria. Using the mostly algalderived polyunsaturated FA (PUFA: arachidonic, ARA; eicosapentaenoic, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), terrestrial FA (TFA, 22 : 0, 24 : 0), and bacterial FA (BAFA, 15 : 0, 17 : 0 and their branched homologues) as source-specific biomarkers, we show that cladocerans consistently contained more ARA and EPA and copepods more DHA than the available food (seston). None of these physiologically important PUFA were significantly related between zooplankton and seston across the entire study period but copepod DHA increased with seston DHA during the coldest months (< 8 C, based on a significant seston FA*temperature interaction). EPA, conversely, increased with decreasing water temperature in both zooplankton groups. For the nonessential FA, TFA were lower in zooplankton than in seston and not related to dietary supply or water temperature. However, cladoceran and copepod BAFA increased significantly with increasing seston BAFA and decreasing water temperature. These findings suggest that physiological regulation in response to changing water temperature had a significant impact on cladoceran and copepod EPA and the extent of dietary tracking for copepod DHA. TFA available in the seston may not have been consumed or were poorly incorporated by zooplankton, but BAFA were good indicators of available resources throughout multiple seasonal cycles. Based on our study, both FA type and water temperature impact the extent that dietary vs. nondietary processes govern cladoceran and copepod FA in oligotrophic lakes

Environmental variability in aquatic ecosystems: Avenues for future multifactorial experiments

The relevance of considering environmental variability for understanding and predicting biological responses to environmental changes has resulted in a recent surge in variability-focused ecological research. However, integration of findings that emerge across studies and identification of remaining knowledge gaps in aquatic ecosystems remain critical. Here, we address these aspects by: (1) summarizing relevant terms of variability research including the components (characteristics) of variability and key interactions when considering multiple environmental factors; (2) identifying conceptual frameworks for understanding the consequences of environmental variability in single and multifactorial scenarios; (3) highlighting challenges for bridging theoretical and experimental studies involving transitioning from simple to more complex scenarios; (4) proposing improved approaches to overcome current mismatches between theoretical predictions and experimental observations; and (5) providing a guide for designing integrated experiments across multiple scales, degrees of control, and complexity in light of their specific strengths and limitations

Sources de carbone et d'acides gras essentiels pour les juvéniles de Liza saliens (Pisces, Mugilidae) dans le réseau trophique d'une lagune côtière méditerranéenne : approches in situ par biomarqueurs lipidiques et isotopiques

Mediterranean coastal lagoons are considered as major nursery areas for several coastal fish species. In Vassova lagoon (Kavala Prefecture, Greece), this continuous input of juveniles, along with the lagoons’ naturalfood resources, sustain local extensive aquaculture. Therefore, in order to optimise the fisheries’ yield, thefactors affecting juveniles’ growth and survival in the lagoon need to be assessed. The objectives of this research work are to identify the organic matter sources sustaining growth of a common commercial Mediterranean species (Liza saliens, Mugilidae) juveniles’ (15 – 50 mm, total length / TL) and to assess their nutritional quality in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In that aim, fish (L.saliens juveniles and principal resident fish species), their potential preys, and basal organic matter sources where sampled monthly during L. saliens settlement in Vassova lagoon (June - November). The origin of carbon assimilated by L. saliens was assessed using lipid and isotopic biomarker approaches as well as stomach content analysis. Moreover, lipid analyses allowed understanding the influence of diet on the fatty acid (FA) composition of L. saliens storage (neutral lipids : NLs) and membrane lipids (polar lipids: PLs) during early life in the lagoon. Finally, the isotopic composition of the PUFAs assimilated by L. saliens juveniles was determined by GC-C-IRMS and allowed the assessment of the sources of these compounds in the ecosystem. Results indicate that at their arrival at the lagoons’ mouth L. saliens juveniles (~15 mm, TL) feed on planktonic organisms. When juveniles reach the size of 20 mm (TL), they progressively shift towards benthic prey. This dietary shift is followed by an important decrease of the dietary levels of DHA. Indeed, in Vassova lagoon, this PUFA seems to be mainly produced by planktonic microorganisms. Therefore, during the transition from the marine planktonic environment towards the lagoons’ demersal habitat, L. saliens juveniles probably experience a decrease in the nutritional quality of their food. However, 22:6ω3 as well as 20:4ω6 appear to be actively retained in L.saliens membrane lipids (PLs). More interestingly, 20:4ω6 seems also to be retained by other fish species found in the lagoon. The latter suggests that this essential compound, which in fish is implicated in resistance processes to environmental stressors, has an important physiological role for fish in estuarine environments.Les lagunes côtières Méditerranéennes constituent des zones de nourrissage pour les juvéniles de plusieurs espèces de poissons côtiers. C’est sur cet apport constant en juvéniles ainsi que sur les ressources trophiques du milieu que s’appuie l’aquaculture extensive dans la lagune Vassova (Préfecture de Kavala, Grèce). Afin d’optimiser la production piscicole, il apparaît important d’identifier les processus favorisant la survie et la croissance des jeunes poissons.Ce travail s’est focalisé sur une espèce communément exploitée dans les lagunes Méditerranéennes : le mulet sauteur Liza saliens (Mugilidae). Notre étude s’est attachée à identifier les ressources trophiques soutenant la croissance des juvéniles de L. saliens (15 - 50 mm, longueur totale / LT) et à préciser leur qualité nutritionnelle en termes d’apports en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI). Ainsi, pendant la période de colonisation de la lagune Vassova par L. saliens (Juin - Novembre), des prélèvements mensuels de poissons (juvéniles de L.saliens et principales espèces piscicoles sédentaires), de leurs proies potentielles, et des différentes sources de matière organique ont été effectués sur deux stations de la lagune. Une approche combinant l’analyse des biomarqueurs lipidiques, l’analyse isotopique et l’analyse des contenus stomacaux a été adoptée afin d’identifier les sources de carbone soutenant la croissance des jeunes L. saliens. Les analyses lipidiques ont également permis de suivre l’évolution de la composition en AG des lipides membranaires (lipides polaires : LP) et destockage (lipides neutres : LN) des juvéniles de L. saliens durant leur premiers mois de vie lagunaire. Enfin, en déterminant par GC-C-IR-MS la composition isotopique des AGPI assimilés par L. saliens, il a été possible d’identifier l’origine de ces composés essentiels. Nos résultats montrent qu’à leur arrivée dans la lagune, les juvéniles (~15 mm, LT) se nourrissent exclusivement d’organismes planctoniques. Lorsque les juvéniles atteignent les 20 mm (LT), ils passent progressivement vers une alimentation principalement basée sur des proies benthiques. Ce changement de régime alimentaire se traduit par une diminution importante des apports alimentaires en 22:6ω3. A cet égard, les résultats obtenus en GC-C-IRMS montrent que chez L. saliens cet AGPI a comme toute première origine, les microorganismes du compartiment planctonique. Il apparaît donc qu’au cours de leur transition du milieu planctonique marin vers le milieu benthique lagunaire, les juvéniles de L. saliens sont confrontés à une diminution de la qualité nutritionnelle. Néanmoins, le 22 :6ω3, mais également le 20:4ω6 semblent être activement retenus dans les lipides membranaires des jeunes poissons. Plus généralement, nos résultats montrent que le 20:4ω6 est fortement retenu par les principales espèces pisciaires de la lagune, suggérant l’importance pour les poissons estuariens, de ce composé essentiel impliqué dans la résistance des poissons aux stress environnementaux

carbon sources and essential fatty acids for juvenile Liza Salian (Pisces, Mugilidae) in the food web of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon : Approaches in situ by lipid biomarkers and isotopic

Les lagunes côtières Méditerranéennes constituent des zones de nourrissage pour les juvéniles de plusieurs espèces de poissons côtiers. C’est sur cet apport constant en juvéniles ainsi que sur les ressources trophiques du milieu que s’appuie l’aquaculture extensive dans la lagune Vassova (Préfecture de Kavala, Grèce). Afin d’optimiser la production piscicole, il apparaît important d’identifier les processus favorisant la survie et la croissance des jeunes poissons.Ce travail s’est focalisé sur une espèce communément exploitée dans les lagunes Méditerranéennes : le mulet sauteur Liza saliens (Mugilidae). Notre étude s’est attachée à identifier les ressources trophiques soutenant la croissance des juvéniles de L. saliens (15 - 50 mm, longueur totale / LT) et à préciser leur qualité nutritionnelle en termes d’apports en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI). Ainsi, pendant la période de colonisation de la lagune Vassova par L. saliens (Juin - Novembre), des prélèvements mensuels de poissons (juvéniles de L.saliens et principales espèces piscicoles sédentaires), de leurs proies potentielles, et des différentes sources de matière organique ont été effectués sur deux stations de la lagune. Une approche combinant l’analyse des biomarqueurs lipidiques, l’analyse isotopique et l’analyse des contenus stomacaux a été adoptée afin d’identifier les sources de carbone soutenant la croissance des jeunes L. saliens. Les analyses lipidiques ont également permis de suivre l’évolution de la composition en AG des lipides membranaires (lipides polaires : LP) et destockage (lipides neutres : LN) des juvéniles de L. saliens durant leur premiers mois de vie lagunaire. Enfin, en déterminant par GC-C-IR-MS la composition isotopique des AGPI assimilés par L. saliens, il a été possible d’identifier l’origine de ces composés essentiels. Nos résultats montrent qu’à leur arrivée dans la lagune, les juvéniles (~15 mm, LT) se nourrissent exclusivement d’organismes planctoniques. Lorsque les juvéniles atteignent les 20 mm (LT), ils passent progressivement vers une alimentation principalement basée sur des proies benthiques. Ce changement de régime alimentaire se traduit par une diminution importante des apports alimentaires en 22:6ω3. A cet égard, les résultats obtenus en GC-C-IRMS montrent que chez L. saliens cet AGPI a comme toute première origine, les microorganismes du compartiment planctonique. Il apparaît donc qu’au cours de leur transition du milieu planctonique marin vers le milieu benthique lagunaire, les juvéniles de L. saliens sont confrontés à une diminution de la qualité nutritionnelle. Néanmoins, le 22 :6ω3, mais également le 20:4ω6 semblent être activement retenus dans les lipides membranaires des jeunes poissons. Plus généralement, nos résultats montrent que le 20:4ω6 est fortement retenu par les principales espèces pisciaires de la lagune, suggérant l’importance pour les poissons estuariens, de ce composé essentiel impliqué dans la résistance des poissons aux stress environnementaux.Mediterranean coastal lagoons are considered as major nursery areas for several coastal fish species. In Vassova lagoon (Kavala Prefecture, Greece), this continuous input of juveniles, along with the lagoons’ naturalfood resources, sustain local extensive aquaculture. Therefore, in order to optimise the fisheries’ yield, thefactors affecting juveniles’ growth and survival in the lagoon need to be assessed. The objectives of this research work are to identify the organic matter sources sustaining growth of a common commercial Mediterranean species (Liza saliens, Mugilidae) juveniles’ (15 – 50 mm, total length / TL) and to assess their nutritional quality in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In that aim, fish (L.saliens juveniles and principal resident fish species), their potential preys, and basal organic matter sources where sampled monthly during L. saliens settlement in Vassova lagoon (June - November). The origin of carbon assimilated by L. saliens was assessed using lipid and isotopic biomarker approaches as well as stomach content analysis. Moreover, lipid analyses allowed understanding the influence of diet on the fatty acid (FA) composition of L. saliens storage (neutral lipids : NLs) and membrane lipids (polar lipids: PLs) during early life in the lagoon. Finally, the isotopic composition of the PUFAs assimilated by L. saliens juveniles was determined by GC-C-IRMS and allowed the assessment of the sources of these compounds in the ecosystem. Results indicate that at their arrival at the lagoons’ mouth L. saliens juveniles (~15 mm, TL) feed on planktonic organisms. When juveniles reach the size of 20 mm (TL), they progressively shift towards benthic prey. This dietary shift is followed by an important decrease of the dietary levels of DHA. Indeed, in Vassova lagoon, this PUFA seems to be mainly produced by planktonic microorganisms. Therefore, during the transition from the marine planktonic environment towards the lagoons’ demersal habitat, L. saliens juveniles probably experience a decrease in the nutritional quality of their food. However, 22:6ω3 as well as 20:4ω6 appear to be actively retained in L.saliens membrane lipids (PLs). More interestingly, 20:4ω6 seems also to be retained by other fish species found in the lagoon. The latter suggests that this essential compound, which in fish is implicated in resistance processes to environmental stressors, has an important physiological role for fish in estuarine environments

Diet quality determines lipase gene expression and lipase/esterase activity in Daphnia pulex

We studied the short- (12 h) and long-term (144 h) response of Daphnia pulex lipases to quality shifts in diets consisting of different mixtures of the green alga Scenedesmus with the cyanobacterium Synechococcus, two species with contrasting lipid compositions. The lipase/esterase activity in both the gut and the body tissues had fast responses to the diet shift and increased with higher dietary contributions of Synechococcus. When screening the Daphnia genome for TAG lipases, we discovered a large gene-family expansion of these enzymes. We used a subset of eight genes for mRNA expression analyses and distinguished between influences of time and diet on the observed gene expression patterns. We identified five diet-responsive lipases of which three showed a sophisticated short- and long-term pattern of expression in response to small changes in food-quality. Furthermore, the gene expression of one of the lipases was strongly correlated to lipase/esterase activity in the gut suggesting its potentially major role in digestion. These findings demonstrate that the lipid-related enzymatic machinery of D. pulex is finely tuned to diet and might constitute an important mechanism of physiological adaptation in nutritionally complex environments

Phytoplankton community responses to temperature fluctuations under different nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry

Nutrient availability and temperature are important drivers of phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry. However, the interactive effects of nutrients and temperature on phytoplankton have been analyzed mostly by addressing changes in average temperature, whereas recent evidence suggests an important role of temperature fluctuations. In a laboratory experiment, we grew a natural phytoplankton community under fluctuating and constant temperature regimes across 25 combinations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply. Temperature fluctuations decreased phytoplankton growth rate (rmax), as predicted by nonlinear averaging along the temperature–growth relationship. rmax increased with increasing P supply, and a significant temperature × P × N interaction reflected that the shape of the thermal reaction norm depended on nutrients. By contrast, phytoplankton carrying capacity increased with N supply and in fluctuating rather than constant temperature. Higher phytoplankton N:P ratios under constant temperature showed that temperature regimes affected cellular nutrient incorporation. Minor differences in species diversity and composition existed. Our results suggest that temperature variability interacts with nutrient supply to affect phytoplankton physiology and stoichiometry at the community level

Dietary sterol availability modulates heat tolerance of Daphnia

International audienceThe increasing frequency and intensity of summer heatwaves are pushing freshwater zooplankton towards their upper thermal tolerance limits. At the same time, higher temperatures and prolonged water column stratification can favour the dominance of cyanobacteria in phytoplankton. Even when not toxic or grazing resistant, these prokaryotes lack phytosterols as essential precursors for cholesterol, the main sterol in animal tissues. Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the physiological adaptation of ectotherms to high temperature. Therefore, the shift to cyanobacteria-dominated systems may increase the vulnerability of zooplankton to heatwaves by intensifying cholesterol limitation.Here, we used death time curves that take into consideration the intensity and duration of a thermal challenge and a dynamic model to study the effects of cholesterol limitation on the heat tolerance of the keystone species Daphnia magna and to simulate the cumulative mortality that could occur in a fluctuating environment over several days of heatwave.We show that increasing cholesterol limitation does not affect the slope between time-to-immobilisation and temperature, but does decrease the maximal temperature that Daphnia can withstand by up to 0.74°C. This seemingly small difference is sufficient to halve the time individuals can survive heat stress.Our simulations predicted that, when facing heatwaves over several days, the differences in survival caused by cholesterol limitation build up rapidly. Considering the anticipated intensity and duration of future (2070–2099) heatwaves, cholesterol limitation could increase mortality by up to 45% and 72% under low and medium greenhouse gas emission scenarios, respectively.These results suggest that the increasing risk of cholesterol limitation due to more frequent cyanobacterial blooms could compromise the resistance of zooplankton populations to future heatwaves. More generally, this study shows the importance of considering the nutritional context in any attempt to predict ectotherm mortality with increasing temperatures in the field

Feeding in the frequency domain: coarser‐grained environments increase consumer sensitivity to resource variability, covariance and phase

International audienceTheory predicts that resource variability hinders consumer performance. How this effect depends on the temporal structure of resource fluctuations encountered by individuals remains poorly understood. Combining modelling and growth experiments with Daphnia magna, we decompose the complexity of resource fluctuations and test the effect of resource variance, supply peak timing (i.e. phase) and co-limiting resource covariance along a gradient from high to low frequencies reflecting fine- to coarse-grained environments. Our results show that resource storage can buffer growth at high frequencies, but yields a sensitivity of growth to resource peak timing at lower ones. When two resources covary, negative covariance causes stronger growth depression at low frequencies. However, negative covariance might be beneficial at intermediate frequencies, an effect that can be explained by digestive acclimation. Our study provides a mechanistic basis for understanding how alterations of the environmental grain size affect consumers experiencing variable nutritional quality in nature

A comment on “Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance”

International audienceIn their recent contribution, Wetzel et al. [Wetzel et al. (2016) Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance. Nature 539: 425-427] predict that variance in the plant nutrient level reduces her-bivore performance via the nonlinear averaging effect (named Jensen's effect by the authors) while variance in the defense level does not. We argue that the study likely underestimates the potential of plant defenses' variance to cause Jensen's effects for two reasons. First, this conclusion is based on the finding that the average Jensen's effect of various defense traits on various herbivores is zero which does not imply that the Jensen's effect of specific defense traits on specific herbivores is null, just that the effects balance each other globally. Second, the study neglects the nonlinearity effects that may arise from the synergy between nutri-tive and defense traits or between co-occurring defenses on herbivore performance. Covariance between interacting plant defense traits, or between plant nutritive and defense traits, can affect performance differently than would nutritive or single plant defense variance alone. Overlooking the interactive effects of plant traits and the traits' covariance could impair the assessment of the true role of plant trait variability on herbivore populations in natural settings