Intermediate categories for proper abelian subcategories

Let $\mathscr{A}$ be an extension closed proper abelian subcategory of a triangulated category $\mathscr{T}$, with no negative 1 and 2 extensions. From this, two functors from $\Sigma\mathscr{A}\ast\mathscr{A}$ to $\mathscr{A}$ can be constructed giving a snake lemma mirroring that of homology without needing a t-structure. We generalize the concept of intermediate categories, which originates from a paper by Enomoto and Saito, to the setting of proper abelian subcategories and show that under certain assumptions this collection is in bijection with torsion-free classes in $\mathscr{A}$.Comment: 15 page

Patent på datorrelaterade uppfinningar i Europa – Går utvecklingen mot mer enhetlig praxis?

Uppsatsen studerar rättspraxis med hänseende på tillämpningen av undantaget av datorprogram från patentering enligt artikel 52 i Europeiska patentkonventionen (EPC) och om denna rättspraxis som den har utvecklats hos Europeiska patentverket (EPO) och nationella domstolar konvergerar mot en enhetlig tolkning. Utvecklingen av rättspraxis hos EPO samt i Tyskland, Storbritannien, Frankrike och Nederländerna sedan 80-talet genomgås översiktligt. Även om det fortfarande finns tydliga skillnader mellan framförallt praxis hos EPO och i Storbritannien, verkar dock tendensen sedan 80-talet vara att de olika rättsinstansernas tolkningar närmar sig varandra alltmer. Den planerade enhetliga europeiska patentdomstolens möjligheter att bidraga till enhetlig praxis diskuteras också.The paper examines jurisprudence relating to the exclusion from patentability of programs for computers in article 52 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) and whether the case-law of the European Patent Office (EPO) and of the national courts is converging towards a common interpretation. The development of case-law at the EPO and in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands since the 80s is outlined. Though express differences remain, especially between the EPO and the UK, the tendency since the 80s seems to be that the interpretation of the different authorities is converging. The possibilities of a Unified European Patent Court to be, to contribute to a unitary practice is also discussed

Screening for periodontal disease in research dogs:a methodology study

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that the prevalence of both clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥1 mm and pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥4 mm is relatively high even in younger dogs, but also that only a minority of the dogs have such clinical signs of periodontal disease (PD) in more than a few teeth. Hence, a minority of dogs carry the major PD burden. These epidemiological features suggest that screening for PD in larger groups of dogs, allowing for rapid assessment of treatment planning, or for the selection of dogs with or without PD prior to be included in experimental trials, should be possible. CAL is the central variable in assessing PD extent and severity while PPD is the central variable used in treatment planning which make these two variables obvious in a screening protocol with the dual aim of disease identification and treatment planning. The main purpose of the present study in 98 laboratory Beagle dogs was to construct a fast, simple and accurate screening tool, which is highly sensitive for the identification of dogs with PD. RESULTS: Examination of the maxillary P4, P3, P2, I1 and C would, in this population, result in the identification of 85.5% of all dogs and 96% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm, and 58.9% of all dogs and 82.1% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm. Examination of tooth pairs, all C’s, maxillary I2, M2 and the mandibular P4 would, in this population result in identification of 92.9% of all dogs and 97.3% of all teeth positive for PD ≥4 mm, and 65.5% of all dogs and 83.2% of all teeth positive for CAL ≥1 mm. The results presented here only pertain to the present study population. CONCLUSIONS: This screening protocol is suitable for examination of larger groups of laboratory Beagle dogs for PD and our findings indicate that diseased dogs are identified with a high degree of sensitivity. Before this screening can be used in clinical practice, it has to be validated in breeds other than Beagle dogs and in populations with larger age variation

​Rapid response to experimental warming of a microbial community inhabiting High Arctic patterned ground soil

The influence of climate change on microbial communities inhabiting the sparsely vegetated patterned ground soils that are widespread across the High Arctic is poorly understood. Here, in a four-year experiment on Svalbard, we warmed patterned ground soil with open top chambers and biannually irrigated the soil to predict the responses of its microbial community to rising temperatures and precipitation. A 1 °C rise in summertime soil temperature caused 44% and 78% increases in CO2 efflux and CH4 consumption, respectively, and a 32% increase in the frequency of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Bacterial alpha diversity was unaffected by the treatments, but, of the 40 most frequent bacterial taxa, warming caused 44–45% reductions in the relative abundances of a Sphingomonas sp. and Ferruginibacter sp. and 33–91% increases in those of a Phenylobacterium sp. and a member of the Acetobacteraceae. Warming did not influence the frequency of fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 copies, and irrigation had no effects on the measured variables. Our study suggests rapid changes to the activities and abundances of microbes, and particularly bacteria, in High Arctic patterned ground soils as they warm. At current rates of soil warming on Svalbard (0.8 °C per decade), we anticipate that similar effects to those reported here will manifest themselves in the natural environment by approximately the mid 2030s

Miniature Schnauzers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013: demography, mortality and disorders

Individual dog breeds are often reported as predisposed to specific breed-related disorders but reliable epidemiological data on disease prevalence are sparse. The Miniature Schnauzer in the UK is a popular small breed dog that is often considered as relatively healthy and long-lived, but is this really true? This study aimed to use data from the VetCompass™ Programme at the Royal Veterinary College to characterise the demography, mortality and common disorders of the general population of Miniature Schnauzers under veterinary care in the UK

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Background: There is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited. Objectives: To describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy. Animals: Hundred client-owned dogs. Methods: Dogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated. Results: Forty-one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty-nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty-two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Physical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets