Türkiye'nin Marmara Bölgesinden elde edilen bazı propolislerin anti-üreaz aktivitesinin belirlenmesi

Propolis is a natural product collected by honeybees from plants especially flowers and buds by mixing with wax and resin and used for many purposes in hive. It is known that propolis has been used in the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine for many years and has biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory. There is increasing interest in alternative approaches to inhibit Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and thereby treat many gastric diseases. This study investigated various properties of raw propolis samples from the Marmara region of Turkey. Anti-urease activity was investigated in propolis samples. The anti-urease activity of IC50 values ranged from 1.110 to 5.870 mg/mL. As a result, it can be said that propolis extract is a good inhibitor that can be used in the treatment of H. pylori to improve human health.Propolis, bal arıları tarafından bitkilerden özellikle çiçek ve tomurcuklardan balmumu ve reçine ile karıştırılarak toplanan ve kovanda birçok amaç için kullanılan doğal bir üründür. Propolisin uzun yıllardır geleneksel tıpta çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanıldığı ve antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antiülser, antitümör, antiinflamatuar gibi biyolojik aktiviteleri olduğu bilinmektedir. Helicobakter pilori'yi (H. pylori) inhibe etmeye ve böylece birçok mide hastalığını tedavi etmeye yönelik alternatif yaklaşımlara artan bir ilgi vardır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin Marmara bölgesinden alınan ham propolis örneklerinin çeşitli özelliklerini araştırmıştır. Propolis örneklerinde anti-üreaz aktivitesi araştırıldı. IC50 değerlerinin anti-üreaz aktivitesi 1.110 ila 5.870 mg/mL aralığındaydı. Sonuç olarak propolis ekstraktının H. pylori tedavisinde insan sağlığını iyileştirmek için kullanılabilecek iyi bir inhibitör olduğu söylenebilir

Hepatoprotective potential of chestnut bee pollen on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damages in rats

This study was supported by Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University (Project no. 2009.111.002.5). Two of the authors, Oktay Yildiz and Huseyin Sahin, were funded by TUBITAK-BIDEB for their graduate studies.Bee pollen has been used as an apitherapy agent for several centuries to treat burns, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, and various other diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of chestnut bee pollen against carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced liver damage. Total phenolic content, flavonoid, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and DPPH radical activity measurements were used as antioxidant capacity determinants of the pollen. The study was conducted in rats as seven groups. Two different concentrations of chestnut bee pollens (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were given orally and one group was administered with silibinin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for seven days to the rats following the CCI4 treatment. The protective effect of the bee pollen was monitored by aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (AST) activities, histopathological imaging, and antioxidant parameters from the blood and liver samples of the rats. The results were compared with the silibinin-treated and untreated groups. We detected that CCI4 treatment induced liver damage and both the bee pollen and silibinin-treated groups reversed the damage; however, silibinin caused significant weight loss and mortality due, severe diarrhea in the rats. The chestnut pollen had showed 28.87 mg GAE/g DW of total phenolic substance, 8.07 mg QUE/g DW of total flavonoid, 92.71 mg Cyn-3-glu/kg DW of total anthocyanins, and 9 mg beta-carotene/100 g DW of total carotenoid and substantial amount of antioxidant power according to FRAP and DPPH activity. The results demonstrated that the chestnut bee pollen protects the hepatocytes from the oxidative stress and promotes the healing of the liver damage induced by CCI4 toxicity. Our findings suggest that chestnut bee pollen can be used as a safe alternative to the silibinin in the treatment of liver injuries

An investigation of the anti-hypertensive effect of mad honey and Rhododendron luteum sweet extract induced by N- ω -Nitro L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-hypertensive effect of mad honey and Rhododendron luteum sweet extracts containing grayanotoxin (GTX)-III in a rat model of hypertension induced by N-ω-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups - control (0.9% NaCl, 1 mL for 30 days, oral gavage [o.g.]), hypertensive (40 mg L-NAME /kg, bw for 30 days, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), standard (40 mg L-NAME /kg, bw for  30 days, i.p. + 20 mg Captopril/kg, bw for the last 15 days, o.g.), treatment I (40 mg L-NAME /kg, bw for 30 days, i.p. + mad honey, 12.5 mg GTX-III /kg, bw for the last 15 days, o.g.), and  treatment II ( 40 mg L-NAME /kg, bw for 30 days, i.p.+ R. luteum blossom extract, 155.8 mg GTX-III /kg, bw for the last 15 days, o.g.). In addition to evaluating blood pressure using the tail-cuff method, some biochemical parameters were also measured in serum samples. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations were also analyzed in heart, liver and kidney tissues to measure tissue damage caused by hypertension. The chromatographic analyses revealed GTX-III levels in mad honey and R. luteum of 24.94±0.10 mg/kg and 155.80±0.10 mg/kg, respectively. Both extracts used for animal application had a significant anti-hypertensive effect compared to the control and captopril groups. The systolic and diastolic values of the mad honey and blossom extract groups were 157.97-164.16 and 119.92-120.47, respectively.

Comparison of Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Different Varieties of Honey and Propolis Samples

Honey is the most important bee product. There are many secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, enzymes, and vitamins in honey, thus, honey has antimicrobial activity. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of forty-two honey and eight propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) were investigated against 16 microorganisms. Total phenolic content ranged between 20.00–124.10 mg GAE/100 g and 103–232 mg GAE/g for honey and raw propolis samples, respectively. Pine and oak honeydew honeys had higher antimicrobial activity than four different grades of Manuka Honeys up to 18 mm minimum inhibition zone diameters. The ethanolic propolis extracts showed much higher antimicrobial activity than the honey samples. Fungi species were inhibited by the propolis samples. Helicobacter pylorii (H. pylorii) was the most sensitive, whereas Streptococcus agalactiae was the most resistant bacteria among the studied microorganisms. Brazilian and Zonguldak propolis had the closest antimicrobial activity to ampicillin, streptomycin, and fluconazole. It can be concluded that both honey and propolis could be used in preservative and complementary medicine

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in symptomatic patients and detection of clarithromycin resistance using melting curve analysis

AbstractBackground:Clarithromycin is often a component of combination therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication; however, increases in resistance rates have decreased the success of the treatment.Objective:This study was designed to determine the prevalence of H pylori infection in symptomatic patients and to detect clarithromycin resistance rates using melting curve analysis.Methods:Patients scheduled for upper endoscopy at the Endoscopy Unit of the Department of Gastroenterology, Duzce University, Medical Faculty Hospital, Konuralp/Duzce, Turkey, were assessed for enrollment in the study. Two pairs of gastric biopsy specimens (antrum and corpus) were obtained from each study patient. Histopathologic examination, rapid urease test, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the specimens were used to identify H pylori infection. Clarithromycin resistance was detected using melting curve analysis.Results:Seventy-five patients (41 women, 34 men; mean [SD]age, 42.6 [14.5] years [range, 17–70 years]) were included in the study. Using histopathology and rapid urease test, H pylori was detected in 40 (53.3%) of the 75 specimens. H pylori was detected using PCR in 40 (53.3%) specimens and by culture in 10 (13.3%) specimens. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR and culture were interpreted by comparing them with the results of histopathologic examination and urease tests. The specificity and sensitivity of PCR were 68.6% and 72.5%, respectively, and the specificity and sensitivity of culture were 97.1% and 22.5%, respectively. Of the 40 isolates, 21 (52.5%) were susceptible to clarithromycin, 12 (30.0%) were resistant, and a mixed susceptibility pattern was detected in 7 (17.5%) specimens. H pylori isolates from 19 (79.2%) of the 24 patients who had formerly used clarithromycin showed clarithromycin resistance.Conclusions:The prevalence of H pylori infection was 53.3% for the symptomatic patients in this study, and 47.5% of the isolates showed clarithromycin resistance using melting curve analysis. The PCR-based system used in this study was accurate for the detection of H pylori infection as well as clarithromycin susceptibility testing directly in biopsy specimens

The effect of performance based system on doctor’s motivation perception in second-line healthcare instutions

Performansa dayalı ek ücret sistemi, çalışanların performanslarındaki farklılığa bağlı olarak çalışanları ödüllendirmek ve motivasyon artışı sağlayarak verimliliği artırmak olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, performansa dayalı ek ücret sistemi detaylı biçimde açıklanarak avantaj ve dezavantajları, türleri ve sağlık sektöründeki uygulamaları incelenmiştir. İşgörenin çalışma ortamında kendini huzurlu hissetmesi, yaptığı işten keyif alması, işini tam performans ile yerine getirmesi ve diğer çalışma arkadaşlarıyla olan ilişkileri bireyin motivasyonundan etkilenmektedir. Çalışmada, motivasyon kavramı ve teorileri ile ilgili bilgiler verildikten sonra bireyin motivasyonunu etkileyen araçlar irdelenmiş ve performansa dayalı ek ödeme sistemi ve motivasyon ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Performansa dayalı ücret sistemi ve motivasyon ile ilgili teorik bilgiler verildikten sonra performansa dayalı ek ücret sisteminin ikinci basamak sağlık kurumlarında çalışan hekimlerin motivasyon algılarına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Kırklareli ilinde çalışmakta olan 119 hekim ile yapılan anket çalışması sonucu demografik verilerin analizi yapıldıktan sonra performansa dayalı ek ödeme sisteminin ekonomik, sosyo-psikolojik ve örgütsel ve yönetsel araçlar açısından hekimlerin motivasyon algılarında farklılık yaratıp yaratmadığı analiz edilerek incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; performansa dayalı ek ödeme sisteminin cinsiyet, medeni durum, özel sektörde çalışıp çalışmama, eşin çalışıp çalışmaması, eşin hekim olup olmaması ve hekimlerin aldıkları sabit maaş değişkenleri açısından hekimlerin motivasyon algılarında bir farklılık yaratmadığı belirlenmiştir. Yaş ve unvan değişkenleri açısından ise performansa dayalı ek ödeme sisteminin ekonomik, sosyo-psikolojik ve örgütsel ve yönetsel araçlar açısından hekimlerin motivasyon algılarında farklılık yarattığı görülmüştür. Hekimlerin elde ettikleri aylık performansa dayalı ek gelir değişkeninin ise ekonomik araçlar açısından motivasyon algılarında farklılık yarattığı fakat sosyo-psikolojik ve örgütsel ve yönetsel araçlar açısından ise farklılık yaratmadığı belirlenmiştir.abstractPerformance-based payment system is designed to promote efficiencythrough improving motivation and rewarding employees in accordance with the disparity in their professional performances. In this thesis, performance-based payment system is explained in detail by examining its cons and pros, types, and practices in healthcare sector. That an employee remains peaceful at work, enjoys and performs his/her job with optimal efficiency, and has good terms with his/her co-workers is under the effect of individual motivation. After giving information about motivation concept and its theories, this study examines factors that affect an individual’s motivation, and discusses research that concentrated on performance-based payment system and motivation perception. After presenting theoretical information related to performance-based payment system and motivation, the study investigates the effect of performancebased payment system on doctors’ motivation perception in second-line healthcare instutions. Demographic variables of the survey which was administered to 119 doctors working in Kırklareli, a city in north-western Turkey, were analysed to investigate whether performance-based payment system affected doctors’ motivation perception. According to the results of the analysis; it is stated that the performancebased payment system has no effect on doctors’ motivation with gender, marital status, working in private sector, spouse is working, spouse is doctor and doctors’ based wage variables. With age and branch and title variables, it is understood that performance-based payment system effects doctors’ motivation perception with all economic, social-psychology and organizational and management instruments. In addition, it was determined that doctors’ performance-based supply wage effects their motivation perception with economic instruments but not with socialpsychology and organizational and management instruments

Büyük buhranın Türkiye'ye etkileri ve Ankara ticari hayatındaki olumsuzlukları

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2012.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by Hamdi Özdiş.Özdiş, Hamdi. HIST 200-11, 17, 18ÖZDİŞ HIST 200-11, 17, 18/4 2011-1

Investigation of telecommunication sector with data mining methods: The case of International Telecommunication Union member states

Telekomünikasyon sektörü, yaşamın her alanında kullanım imkânı olan, sürekli kendisini güncelleyen ve aynı zamanda diğer sektörler için bir alt yapı özelliği taşıyan bir sektördür. Uluslararası Telekomünikasyon Birliği (International Telecommunication Union-ITU) ise telekomünikasyon sektöründe Dünya’da öncü konumda olup araştırmada kullanılacak olan verinin toplanıp raporlandığı kurumdur. Veri madenciliği, sahip olunan veri birikiminden anlamlı ve işe yarar bilgiler çıkarıp veriler içerisinde saklı kalmış gizli örüntüleri keşfederek karar alma aşamasına destek olmak için geliştirilmiş bir yaklaşımdır. Yapılan çalışmada veri madenciliği kavramı, telekomünikasyon sektörünün yapısı ve gelişimine yer verilerek ITU verileri, veri madenciliği yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, ITU’nün 2020 Temmuz ayına ait veriler kullanılarak analize dâhil olacak ülkeler ve değişkenler belirlenmiştir. Kullanılacak raporlardaki eksik veriler, k-en yakın komşu algoritması, yapay sinir ağları, karar ağacı ve lineer regresyon modellerinden yararlanılarak Rapidminer programında giderilmiş ve veriler analize uygun hale getirilmiştir. Toplam 122 ülke ve 55 değişkenden oluşan veri kümesine hem hiyerarşik hem de hiyerarşik olmayan kümeleme analizi yapılmış ve ülkeler k-ortalamalar kümeleme yöntemine göre beş kümede toplanmış ve Türkiye bu kümelerden ikinci kümede yer almıştır. Yapılan analizlerde Türkiye’nin telekomünikasyon açısından içinde bulunduğu küme ve diğer ülkelere kıyasla sahip olduğu düşük ve yüksek değerler ortaya konmuş olup mobil ve 3G kapsama alanları, internet kullanıcı oranı ve başarısız ve bölünen çağrı oranı değişkenleri için sahip olduğu değerleri güçlendirmesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Türkiye’nin yapacağı kapsama alanı ve servis hizmetinin genişletmeleri ve altyapı desteği ile daha yüksek değerlere ulaşabileceği ve ekonominin itici gücü haline gelen telekomünikasyon sektöründe daha güçlü bir konuma gelerek diğer ülkeler ile yaşanan rekabette elini daha kuvvetli hale getirebileceği ifade edilmiştir.The telecommunication sector is a sector that can be used in all areas of life, constantly updating itself and at the same time being an infrastructure for other sectors. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the leading institution in the world in the telecommunication sector and is the institution where the data to be used in the research is collected and reported. Data mining is an approach developed to support the decision-making stage by extracting meaningful and useful information from the existing data and discovering the hidden patterns in the data. In the study, the concept of data mining, the structure and development of the telecommunications sector and ITU data were discussed and examined with data mining methods. In the study, the countries and variables that will be included in the analysis were determined by using the data of July 2020 of ITU. Missing data which to be used in the reports were corrected in Rapidminer program by using k-nn, artificial neural networks, decision tree and linear regression models and the data were made suitable for analysis. Both hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering analyzes were performed on the dataset consisting of a total of 122 countries and 55 variables, and the number of clusters was determined as five according to the countries k-means clustering method and Turkey takes its place in the second cluster. In the analyzes made, low and high values of Turkey compared to the cluster and other countries were revealed and it was stated that it should strengthen its values for the variables of mobile and 3G coverage areas, internet user rate and unsuccessful and drop call rate. It has been stated that Turkey can reach higher values with the expansion of its coverage area, service and infrastructure support and become stronger in the telecommunication sector, which has become the driving force of the economy and make its hand stronger in the competition with other countries

Türk Özel Hukuk Sisteminde İntihal

The use of the works, produced by individuals through their long efforts, without referencing authors, causes individuals interest to reduce studying and producing works. These uses without referencing the author, not only affect the authors, but also the societies that benefit from these works. The aim of academic studies is to take new steps that will bring societies forward and to lead to inventions. However, the works which are re-launched with the name of another person without any additional inclusion in the essence, will not provide any benefit to the society. At this point, the plagiarism of a work, whether partially or as a whole, without repeating the rules of quotation, is unfortunately carried out frequently in our country. In our study, the ownership of the works, the boundaries of the authors, the concept of plagiarism, the legal, administrative and criminal ways that the owner of the work that plagiarized can apply, has been conveyed with the doctrine and the Supreme Court application.Bireylerin uzun uğraş ve çabaları neticesinde ortaya koydukları eserlerinin başka kişiler tarafından kaynak gösterilmeksizin kullanılması, bu kişilerin eser üretimini ve üretmeye ilişkin ilgi ve isteklerini haklı olarak azaltmaktadır. Bu kullanımlar, yalnızca eser sahiplerini değil, bu eserlerden faydalanan toplumları da olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Akademik çalışmaların amacı, toplumları ileriye sevk edecek yeni adımlar atmak, buluşlar gerçekleştirmektir. Ancak özüne herhangi bir ilavede bulunulmaksızın başka bir kişinin ismiyle yeniden piyasaya sürülen eserler, topluma herhangi bir fayda sağlamayacaktır. Bu noktada bir eserin kısmi veya bir bütün halinde, alıntı kurallarına uyulmaksızın kopyalanması yoluyla gerçekleştirilen intihal eylemi ne yazık ki ülkemizde sıklıkla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çalışmamızda eser sahipliği, eser sahiplerinin sınırları, intihal kavramı, intihale uğrayan eser sahibinin başvurabileceği hukuki, idari ve cezai yollar aktarılmış, doktrin ve Yargıtay uygulaması ile etraflıca değerlendirilmiştir