In defense of the philosophy of the railway

Henning Eichberg's paper Do we need an Existential Philosophy of the Railway? Why then a Philosophy of Sport? containing provocative denial of its title question, has a potential to restart an important discussion concerning the identity and condition of the philosophy of sport. But because Eichberg presented some important theses – as I will try to show – without a proper justification, this potential is at risk to be wasted. The goal of this paper is to critically analyze one of his crucial presuppositions and on the ground of this analysis offer another view on the philosophy of sport. The view is thus in one aspect convergent with Eichbergs' perspective, but in another aspect is opposite to it

La tríada de los objetivos del juego: mapa conceptual y estudio de casos

Although the very existence and need for an exact definition of sport is still debatable, there is common agreement that competitive sport events on elite level are, among others, goal directed, rule-governed and institutionalized activities. These three facts will guide us in an analysis of the complex issue concerning the idea of goal in games. The first of these facts - that games are goal-oriented activities – is reflected in the very basic notion of prelusory goal. The fact that achieving the prelusory goal in games is rule-governed is reflected in the notion of a lusory goal. Finally, the institutionalized aspect of games is reflected in the notion of, nomen omen, an institutional goal. The paper is thus devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits' analysis which provides a distinction between prelusory goal and lusory goal is insufficient, and thus introduction of a third kind of goal is necessary. I suggest to call this third kind of goal institutional goal. The paper discusses the definition of this kind of goal as well as its relations to other kinds of goals in games and other elements of game-playing. These three goals create the goal triad, a conceptual map of all possible goal-related situations. Both Venn diagrams and Euler diagrams are used to represent this triad. Various fields of these diagrams, which represent a spectrum of specific situations that occur in games, are illustrated by case-studies, taken mainly (although not exclusively) from the history of association football (soccer). These examples are meant to test the usefulness of distinctions provided in the analytical part of the paper.El artículo plantea un análisis detallado de la noción de objetivo de los juegos. Se argumenta que el análisis de los juegos de Suits, que ofrece una distinción entre objetivo lúdico y meta pre-lúdica, es insuficiente, por lo que es necesaria la introducción de un tercer objetivo. A este tercer objetivo sugiero llamarlo meta institucional. El artículo analiza la definición de este tipo de objetivo, así como sus relaciones con los otros tipos de objetivos y elementos del juego. Estos tres objetivos constituyen la tríada de objetivos, un mapa conceptual de todas las relaciones posibles entre objetivos. Para representar la tríada se emplean los diagramas de Venn y de Euler. Varios campos de estos diagramas, que representan un espectro de situaciones específicas que suceden en los juegos, se ilustran con estudios de casos, tomados principalmente (aunque no exclusivamente) de la historia del fútbol

Structure determination of Au on Pt(111) surface:LEED, STM and DFT Study

Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to investigate the atomic and electronic structure of gold deposited (between 0.8 and 1.0 monolayer) on the Pt(111) face in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature. The analysis of LEED and STM measurements indicates two-dimensional growth of the first Au monolayer. Change of the measured surface lattice constant equal to 2.80 Å after Au adsorption was not observed. Based on DFT, the distance between the nearest atoms in the case of bare Pt(111) and Au/Pt(111) surface is equal to 2.83 Å, which gives 1% difference in comparison with STM values. The first and second interlayer spacing of the clean Pt(111) surface are expanded by +0.87% and contracted by −0.43%, respectively. The adsorption energy of the Au atom on the Pt(111) surface is dependent on the adsorption position, and there is a preference for a hollow fcc site. For the Au/Pt(111) surface, the top interlayer spacing is expanded by +2.16% with respect to the ideal bulk value. Changes in the electronic properties of the Au/Pt(111) system below the Fermi level connected to the interaction of Au atoms with Pt(111) surface are observed

Reimagining the Library: Designing Library Spaces to Meet the Needs of Today\u27s Students

Libraries, long the heart of academic life, nonetheless have been perceived as a passive space for physical resources and quiet study. Changes in the dissemination of information, as well as teaching and learning methods that focus on high-impact practices, have driven library staff to reimagine the physical buildings of libraries. To meet the new needs of students, Ohio Northern University planned a full renovation of the first floor of its undergraduate library. Current space and space usage was analyzed, considering how collaborative learning and undergraduate research might be conducted in renovated spaces. Ethnographic studies such as observations, focus groups, and surveys were used to learn how students studied and how they used the space. Assessments completed after renovation revealed that the new space appealed to students and reflected improvement as studying and learning spaces, but further studies are needed

Signalgebungsmechanismus an nanostrukturierten Halbleitergassensoren

Um Verbrennungsmotoren emissionsreduziert zu betreiben, eird eine umfangreiche Abgassensorik benötigt, mit der neben Sauerstoff und Kohlenwasserstoffen auch Stickoxide erfasst werden können. Ein vergleichsweise neuer Ansatz ist hierbei der Einsatz von chemisch funktionalisierten Feldeffekttransitoren (kurz ChemFETs) im heißen Abgas. Bei diesen sind für die Messung von wasserstoffhaltigen Gasen die grundlegenden Mechanismen hinlänglich verstanden. Mittlerweile ist es gelungen, auch NOx-sensitive Feldeffekttransitoren herzustellen, allerdings existiert bislang noch kein belastbares Modell dafür, wodurch hierbei das elektrische ChemFET-Signal hervorgebracht wird. Im Zuge der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mögliche signalgebende Mechanismen für die Verwendung eines ChemFETs als Stickoxidsensor untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dienen der Entwicklung eines umfassenden Modells für den Signalbildungsmechanismus. So sollte ein tieferes Verständnis für die auf der nanoporösen, katalytischen Gateelektrode ablaufenden Oberflächenprozesse erlangt und die für die Signalgebung besonders ausschlaggebenden Bereiche identifiziert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden neben mit einer Finite-Elemente-Methode durchgeführten Simulationen umfangreiche spektroskopische in situ-Oberflächenanalysen durchgeführt. Als Hauptmethode diente die polarisationsmodulierte Infrarot-Reflektions-Absorptions-Spektroskopie (PM-IRRAS). Hierfür wurden ein spezieller Messaufbau konzipiert und geeignete Proben hergestellt, die mit zusätzlichen Methoden wie Rasterelektronenmikroskopie(REM) und Röntgen-Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie (XPS) analysiert wurden. Mittels PM-IRRAS ließen sich einzelne Adsorbatzustände von CO und NO auf verschiedenen Platin- und Rhodium-haltigen Oberflächen identifizieren und deren zeitliche Entwicklung beobachten. Die Analyse der Adsorbatzustände und der gasförmigen Reaktionsprodukte zwischen Raumtemperatur und 350°C lieferten Einblicke in die von der Gasumgebung abhängig wechselnden Oberflächenregime. Zudem wurde der nichtresonante Schwingungsuntergrund ausgewertet. Es wurde dabei gezeigt, dass dieser Rückschlüsse auf den Oxidationsgrad einer Probenoberfläche ermöglicht. Diese hier phänomenologisch als PM-IRRAS-Offset bezeichnete Messgröße zeigte eine starke Korrelation mit der Gatespannung von zeitgleich in derselben Messapparatur gemessenen, identisch beschichteten ChemFETs. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wurde das Schema eines Signalbildungsmodells abgeleitet, das neben atomarem Wasserstoff auch atomaren Sauerstoff als signalgebende Spezies beinhaltet. Die wesentliche Signalbildung findet durch Anlagerung dieser Spezies an bzw. in der Oberfläche des Gatedielektrikums und besonders im Bereich der Dreiphasengrenzen zwischen Dielektrikum, Katalysator und Gasphase statt. Stickoxide wirken hierbei im Wesentlichen auf dem indirekten Weg der Bereitstellung bzw. des Verbrauchs von atomarem Sauerstoff bzw. Wasserstoff. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die NOx-Sensitivität der betrachteten ChemFETs ein mehrstufiger Prozess mit atomarem Sauerstoff als Signalgeber ist

Un incendio invisible de Sara Mesa como una crítica implícita al «Homo consumericus»

The paper is an attempt at shedding light on the issues related to the dystopian vision of postmodern society metonymically represented by Vado, an imaginary city, in the novel Un incendio invisible written by Sara Mesa. This abandoned urban space causes us to reflect on crucial topics in postmodern society, such as incorporation into unknown place, redefinition of the concept of parenthood, liquid and perverse love, social inequalities, abandoned elders, consumption, role of shopping malls and their significance, human alienation, all phenomena that we find in the novel. The city of Vado plays symbolic role in that piece, hence its devastation and ruin show a close connection with the consumer society and the actions of Homo consumericus. We base our analysis on the philosophical and sociological postulates of Gilles Lipovetsky, Zygmunt Bauman, Erich Fromm and anthropological one of Marc Augé, as well as on the proposal of how to read a novel by Javier del Prado Biezma in order to describe the nature of all these mentioned problems and expose the criticism of Homo consumericus concealed in the novel.The paper is an attempt at shedding light on the issues related to the dystopian vision of postmodern society metonymically represented by Vado, an imaginary city, in the novel Un incendio invisible written by Sara Mesa. This abandoned urban space causes us to reflect on crucial topics in postmodern society, such as incorporation into unknown place, redefinition of the concept of parenthood, liquid and perverse love, social inequalities, abandoned elders, consumption, role of shopping malls and their significance, human alienation, all phenomena that we find in the novel. The city of Vado plays symbolic role in that piece, hence its devastation and ruin show a close connection with the consumer society and the actions of Homo consumericus. We base our analysis on the philosophical and sociological postulates of Gilles Lipovetsky, Zygmunt Bauman, Erich Fromm and anthropological one of Marc Augé, as well as on the proposal of how to read a novel by Javier del Prado Biezma in order to describe the nature of all these mentioned problems and expose the criticism of Homo consumericus concealed in the novel

Al jugar con las palabras se multiplican mundos - analisis de los juegos literarios y de lenguaje en "Tres tristes tigres" de Guillermo Cabrera Infante

This article can be classified as the one belonging to the broad area of “literary and language plays on words’’ due to its multilevel interpretation of the ludic character of literature in the novel entitled Tres tristes tigres, written by the Cuban writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante, who makes the everyday language of the Havana at the end of the 1950s the object of a play on words, and matter at the same time, which does a literary recreation through its poetisation of the colloquial language. The language, as well as literature, is a pure play on words, which, in turn, destroys in the T T T (Three Trapped Tigers) the traditional canon of the novel and creates a work of literature open to multiple interpretations and which needs an active poliglot reader able to descipher the net of allusions and references to other literary works. The mechanism of the literary play on words is based on parody (of the language itself, of the work of other Cuban writers, of American cabaret, of business celebrities, of the stories related by the characters present in the novel, and of their clumsy English-Spanish translation), on a variety of different points of view that turn the novel into a polyphonic one, on the presence of a stereotype and irony. Moreover, the play on words (anagrams, palindromes, neologisms, polysemy and ambiguity) undergoes an analysis characterised by a polyperspective interpretation of the novel. While talking about the innovative character of the novel, being an example of a new Latin American novel, we present its above-mentioned features and we also do quite a detailed analysis of one of its chapters entitled in Spanish Los visitantes, which best reflects the principal intention of Cabrera Infante: to make everyday language the main character by means of playing with it, and in this way to create a multitude of realities

Hacia una alta definición del deporte (olímpico)

The paper entertains the idea of sport as a hete-rogenous concept and focuses not on the boundaries of its extension (a paramount consideration in case of the problem of definition understood in the tradition-al way), but rather of its internal structure. I start with Bernard Suits’ definition of sport (offered in his paper The Elements of Sport), which is a plausible attempt to construct a homogenous definition of sport. According to this definition sports create a subset of games. How-ever, in his later paper The Tricky Triad, Suits himself criticized this definition by introducing a new catego-ry of judged sports that are not games, and a fortioricannot meet his former definition. This distinction not only overthrows the original definition, but also reveals a hidden heterogeneity in the domain of sport. I would like to supplement Suits’ critique of his own definition by another objection, which draws the second dividing line in the domain of sport, namely the distinction be-tween kinetic and non-kinetic, mainly performative ac-tivities. These two distinctions taken together allow me to construct a conceptual map of sport (and especially Olympic sport) that I call The Olympic Sport Image (OSI). It encompasses the following fields: athletic games, judged sports, mind sports and art sports. I would like to call the offered theory the “High Definition of Sport” (HDS), since it gives an insight into the structure of sport as a heterogenous domain. To prove the usefulness of this model I am showing its applicability into the history of the programme of the Olympic Games (OG) and I’m comparing it with Suits’ triadic model.Este artículo presenta la idea de que el deporte es un concepto heterogéneo y se centra no en las fronteras de su extensión (una consideración de central importancia en el caso del problema de la definición entendido al modo tradicional), sino en su estructura interna. Comienzo con la definición de deporte de Suits (ofrecida en su artículo The Elements of Sport), que es un intento plausible de construir una definición homogénea del deporte. Según esta definición, el deporte crea un subconjunto de juegos. Sin embargo, en un artículo posterior, The Tricky Triad, Suits mismo critica esta definición introduciendo una nueva categoría de juegos juzgados que no son juegos y, por fuerza, no pueden encajar con su primera definición. Esta distinción no sólo elimina la primera definición, sino que también revela una heterogeneidad oculta en el dominio del deporte. Yo complementaré la critica que Suits ofrece de su propia definición a través de otra objeción, la cual se basa en la segunda línea divisoria en el ámbito del deporte, a saber, la distinción entre kinético y antikinético, principalmente actividades performativas. Estas dos distinciones tomadas de modo conjunto me permiten elaborar un mapa conceptual del deporte (y especialmente del deporte olímpico) que denomino como la “Imagen del Deporte Olímpico” (IDO). Ésta incluye los siguientes campos: juegos atléticos, juegos juzgados, deportes mentales y deportes artísticos. Llamaría a esta teoría ofrecida aquí “Alta Definición del Deporte) (ADD), ya que proporciona una mirada dentro de la estructura del deporte como un ámbito heterogéneo. Para mostrar la utilidad de este modelo, mostraré su aplicación en la historia del programa de los Juegos Olímpicos (JJOO) y lo compararé con el modelo triádico de Suits.Actividad Física y Deport