VEGETATION SYNTAXONOMY AND LAND MANAGEMENT EFFECT ON METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM WETLANDS: A CASE STUDY FROM TIDAL SALT AND BRACKISH MARSH

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) emission from wetlands significantly contribute to climate change andglobal warming. The interaction between among vegetation type, various environmental factors, andmanagement regimes such as grazing and mowing is considered important in the calculation of CO 2 and CH 4 gasflux for an ecosystem. In this study, vegetation composition, CH 4 and CO 2 flux, soil characteristics, airtemperature and humidity from the brackish marsh and salt marsh wetland ecosystems on Terschelling Islandin Northern Holland were measured. We aimed to investigate the relationship between vegetation composition, grazing, and mowing on CH 4 and CO 2 emission. The abundance and number of plant species werehigher in brackish than in salt marsh. Grazing was found to influence species richness, 39 species being found ina grazed site of brackish marsh compared to 31 species in a similar ungrazed site. CO 2 fluxes in salt and brackishmarsh were found to be similar while CH 4 flux in the salt marsh was found to be lower than in the brackishmarsh. Within the brackish marsh, a higher methane emission was recorded in the grazed zone. However theoverall effect of grazing and mowing was found to be negligible for CH 4 flux but is suggested to clearly reduceCO 2 flux in both the salt and brackish marsh

Optimization potentials of the transverse flux machine over the product life cycle

This study focuses on improving the performance and reliability of a transverse flux machine (TFM) for automotive applications over the whole product life cycle. TFMs offer high torque density but present challenges in electromagnetic design, cooling, and vibration control. To address these issues, different measures like additive manufacturing, sensor integration, and optimization techniques are explored and evaluated. By incorporating sensors for real-time data collection during operation and integrating structural improvements during development, TFMs can achieve higher efficiency and reliability. This study gives an overview over several topics which have been researched in 2 projects, each of which consists of 3 participating institutions. It explores the integration of vibration sensors/actuators and temperature sensors. Additionally, additive manufacturing techniques are utilized for manufacturing of soft magnetic components to reduce eddy current losses and optimize the cooling. The findings demonstrate the potential of these approaches to enhance TFMs for automotive use, and further research is recommended to assess their durability and applicability under real-world conditions

Molecular MRI in the Earth's Magnetic Field Using Continuous Hyperpolarization of a Biomolecule in Water

In this work, we illustrate a method to continuously hyperpolarize a biomolecule, nicotinamide, in water using parahydrogen and signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Building on the preparation procedure described recently by Truong et al. [ J. Phys. Chem. B, 2014, 118, 13882-13889 ], aqueous solutions of nicotinamide and an Ir-IMes catalyst were prepared for low-field NMR and MRI. The 1H-polarization was continuously renewed and monitored by NMR experiments at 5.9 mT for more than 1000 s. The polarization achieved corresponds to that induced by a 46 T magnet (P = 1.6 × 10-4) or an enhancement of 104. The polarization persisted, although reduced, if cell culture medium (DPBS with Ca2+ and Mg2+) or human cells (HL-60) were added, but was no longer observable after the addition of human blood. Using a portable MRI unit, fast 1H-MRI was enabled by cycling the magnetic field between 5 mT and the Earth's field for hyperpolarization and imaging, respectively. A model describing the underlying spin physics was developed that revealed a polarization pattern depending on both contact time and magnetic field. Furthermore, the model predicts an opposite phase of the dihydrogen and substrate signal after one exchange, which is likely to result in the cancelation of some signal at low field

Direct enhancement of nitrogen-15 targets at high-field by fast ADAPT-SABRE

Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is an attractive nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique capable of huge sensitivity enhancement in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection. The resonance condition of SABRE hyperpolarization depends on coherent spin mixing, which can be achieved naturally at a low magnetic field. The optimum transfer field to spin-1/2 heteronuclei is technically demanding, as it requires field strengths weaker than the earth's magnetic field for efficient spin mixing. In this paper, we illustrate an approach to achieve strong 15N SABRE hyperpolarization at high magnetic field by a radio frequency (RF) driven coherent transfer mechanism based on alternate pulsing and delay to achieve polarization transfer. The presented scheme is found to be highly robust and much faster than existing related methods, producing ∼3 orders of magnitude 15N signal enhancement within 2 s of RF pulsing

The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks

Marine stickleback fish have colonized and adapted to thousands of streams and lakes formed since the last ice age, providing an exceptional opportunity to characterize genomic mechanisms underlying repeated ecological adaptation in nature. Here we develop a high-quality reference genome assembly for threespine sticklebacks. By sequencing the genomes of twenty additional individuals from a global set of marine and freshwater populations, we identify a genome-wide set of loci that are consistently associated with marine–freshwater divergence. Our results indicate that reuse of globally shared standing genetic variation, including chromosomal inversions, has an important role in repeated evolution of distinct marine and freshwater sticklebacks, and in the maintenance of divergent ecotypes during early stages of reproductive isolation. Both coding and regulatory changes occur in the set of loci underlying marine–freshwater evolution, but regulatory changes appear to predominate in this well known example of repeated adaptive evolution in nature.National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.)National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (NHGRI CEGS Grant P50-HG002568