Die in Deutschland und den deutschen Schutzgebieten seit 1897 ergriffenen Schutzmaßregeln gegen die Lepra : Bericht, erstattet auf der 2. Internationalen wissenschaftlichen Leprakonferenz zu Bergen 1909

Auf der I. Internationalen wissenschaftlichen Leprakonferenz, welche im Oktober 1897 zu Berlin stattfand, konnten über die Verbreitung der Lepra in Deutschland und den deutschen Schutzgebieten nur lückenhafte Angaben gemacht werden. Dem V. internationalen Dermatologenkongreß (Berlin 1904) konnte ich schon etwas genaueres mitteilen. Die inzwischen angestellten Erhebungen ermöglichen es jetzt, eine zuverlässige Darstellung zu geben. Die Lepra, welche in Deutschland wie im übrigen Europa während des Mittelalters im Vordergrunde des Interesses stand, galt bei uns seit Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts als erloschen. Wie wenig man in der Folge mit ihr rechnete, geht auch daraus hervor, daß das preußische Regulativ vom 8. VIII. 1835 den Aussatz nicht erwähnt. Um so größer war das Erstaunen und die Besorgnis, als Mitte der 80er Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts bekannt wurde, daß im Nordosten Deutschlands, im preußischen Kreise Memel, ein Lepraherd vorhanden wäre. ..

Machine learning enabled multiple illumination quantitative optoacoustic oximetry imaging in humans.

Optoacoustic (OA) imaging is a promising modality for quantifying blood oxygen saturation (sO2) in various biomedical applications - in diagnosis, monitoring of organ function, or even tumor treatment planning. We present an accurate and practically feasible real-time capable method for quantitative imaging of sO2 based on combining multispectral (MS) and multiple illumination (MI) OA imaging with learned spectral decoloring (LSD). For this purpose we developed a hybrid real-time MI MS OA imaging setup with ultrasound (US) imaging capability; we trained gradient boosting machines on MI spectrally colored absorbed energy spectra generated by generic Monte Carlo simulations and used the trained models to estimate sO2 on real OA measurements. We validated MI-LSD in silico and on in vivo image sequences of radial arteries and accompanying veins of five healthy human volunteers. We compared the performance of the method to prior LSD work and conventional linear unmixing. MI-LSD provided highly accurate results in silico and consistently plausible results in vivo. This preliminary study shows a potentially high applicability of quantitative OA oximetry imaging, using our method

Context Matters: The Use of Algorithmic Management Mechanisms in Platform, Hybrid, and Traditional Work Contexts

Emerged from platform organizations, algorithmic management (AM) refers to a data-driven approach in which intelligent algorithms are employed to automate managerial functions. Given its organizational benefits (e.g., efficiency gains), AM is also increasingly used in other work contexts, including traditional organizations (with permanent employees). Against this backdrop, our study investigates what AM mechanisms are used in different organizational work contexts and to what extent, and why, these mechanisms translate to other contexts. We do so by systematically analyzing and synthesizing knowledge from 45 studies. Our results point to seven usage patterns regarding the contextual translatability of AM mechanisms. For example, while we find that some mechanisms are used across contexts but with differing intentions, we also identify several context-specific AM mechanisms that are not (easily) translatable. We conclude by discussing factors that help explain the identified usage patterns (e.g., worker status and skill level) and promising avenues for future research

The spatial distribution of rock landforms in the Pohořská Mountains (Pohořská hornatina), Czech Republic

Geomorphological mapping with an emphasis on rock landforms was carried out in the Pohořská Mountains (Cz. Pohořská hornatina) and the positional data acquired were further processed using statistical and cartographical methods. The spatial distribution of rock landforms was investigated in relation to lithology, slope, orientation, and elevation based on an analysis using ArcGIS 9.1. The spatial distribution of rock landforms was primarily determined by the index of distribution Wij = Xi / Yj, where Xi is the percentage representation of landforms in the appropriate category and Yj is the percentage quotient of this category in the entire area studied, and wassecondarily determined according to the sum (sum distribution) of the arithmetic mean and the average deviation

Context Matters: The Use of Algorithmic Management Mechanisms in Platform, Hybrid, and Traditional Work Contexts

Emerged from platform organizations, algorithmic management (AM) refers to a data-driven approach in which intelligent algorithms are employed to automate managerial functions. Given its organizational benefits (e.g., efficiency gains), AM is also increasingly used in other work contexts, including traditional organizations (with permanent employees). Against this backdrop, our study investigates what AM mechanisms are used in different organizational work contexts and to what extent, and why, these mechanisms translate to other contexts. We do so by systematically analyzing and synthesizing knowledge from 45 studies. Our results point to seven usage patterns regarding the contextual translatability of AM mechanisms. For example, while we find that some mechanisms are used across contexts but with differing intentions, we also identify several context-specific AM mechanisms that are not (easily) translatable. We conclude by discussing factors that help explain the identified usage patterns (e.g., worker status and skill level) and promising avenues for future research

Generic Encodings of Constructor Rewriting Systems

Rewriting is a formalism widely used in computer science and mathematical logic. The classical formalism has been extended, in the context of functional languages, with an order over the rules and, in the context of rewrite based languages, with the negation over patterns. We propose in this paper a concise and clear algorithm computing the difference over patterns which can be used to define generic encodings of constructor term rewriting systems with negation and order into classical term rewriting systems. As a direct consequence, established methods used for term rewriting systems can be applied to analyze properties of the extended systems. The approach can also be seen as a generic compiler which targets any language providing basic pattern matching primitives. The formalism provides also a new method for deciding if a set of patterns subsumes a given pattern and thus, for checking the presence of useless patterns or the completeness of a set of patterns.Comment: Added appendix with proofs and extended example

Existenzbereiche und physikalische Eigenschaften metallreicher Perowskite (SE3X)M (SE = Seltenerd-Metall; X = N, O; M = Al, Ga, In, Sn): Mit Ergänzungen zu den ternären Systemen EA-In-N (EA = Ca, Sr, Ba)

Die Existenz metallreicher Perowskite der Zusammensetzung (SE3X)M (X = O, N; SE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, Tm, Lu; M = Al, Ga, In, Sn) wurde untersucht. Die Charakterisierung der Proben erfolgte mit Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und Elementaranalysen (O und N). Oxide (SE3O)Al mit SE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd und Sm und (SE3O)In mit SE = Ce, Pr und Nd wurden erhalten. Die Reihe der Verbindungen (SE3N)Al (SE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) wurde um die Seltenerd-Metalle SE = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er und Tm erweitert. Die metallreichen Perowskite (SE3N)Sn (SE = La, Ce, Pr, Sm) und (SE3N)Ga (SE = Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Tb) wurden erstmals beschrieben. Die thermische Stabilität (DSC) der Phasen (SE3X)M ist für die Nitride allgemein am höchsten. Nitride von Al und Ga zersetzen zwischen 1000 °C und 1200 °C, Stannide bleiben bis 1250 °C thermisch stabil. Messungen der magnetischen Suszeptibilität und der LIII-Absorbtionskanten sind in Einklang mit einer Elektronenkonfiguration SE3+. Die gemessenen elektrischen Widerstände sind charakteristisch für schlechte metallische Leiter. Verschiedene Gehaltschnitte SE3Al-(SE3X)Al und SE3In-(SE3X)In wurden mit Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und DTA untersucht. Die Oxide und Nitride (SE3X1-y)M (SE = La, Ce; X = N, O) weisen nur geringe Phasenbreiten auf. Die Carbide (Ce3C1-y)In zeigen hingegen signifikante Phasenbreiten. In den Systemen EA-In-N wurden röntgenografisch phasenreine Pulver von (Ca4N)[In]2 und (EA19N7)[In4]2 (EA = Ca, Sr) erhalten. Durch Elementaranalysen auf H, C, N, O, EA und In und Neutronenbeugung am Pulver können alternative Zusammensetzungen mit einer ausgeglichenen Ladungsbilanz im Sinne des Zintl-Konzepts für diese Phasen ausgeschlossen werden. Im System La-Al wurde die neue Phase La16Al13 beobachtet und an Einkristallen sowie an Pulvern charakterisiert. Das in der Literatur im Cu3Au-Strukturtyp beschrieben kubische Polymorph von Ce3Al wurde auf einen ternären metallreichen Perowskit (Ce3X)Al zurückgeführt