6,142 research outputs found
Open Mind Conference
Open Mind, The Association for the achievement of diversity in higher education, met in conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, between October 16 and 18, 1992. A number of workgroups met to discuss the goals, structure, and generally evaluate the Association and its achievements. A summary of the workgroup sessions and their minutes are included
Understanding the magnetic resonance spectrum of nitrogen vacancy centers in an ensemble of randomly-oriented nanodiamonds
Nanodiamonds containing nitrogen vacancy (NV-) centers show promise for a
number of emerging applications including targeted in vivo imaging and
generating nuclear spin hyperpolarization for enhanced NMR spectroscopy and
imaging. Here, we develop a detailed understanding of the magnetic resonance
behavior of NV- centers in an ensemble of nanodiamonds with random crystal
orientations. Two-dimensional optically detected magnetic resonance
spectroscopy reveals the distribution of energy levels, spin populations, and
transition probabilities that give rise to a complex spectrum. We identify
overtone transitions that are inherently insensitive to crystal orientation and
give well-defined transition frequencies that access the entire nanodiamond
ensemble. These transitions may be harnessed for high-resolution imaging and
generation of nuclear spin hyperpolarization. The data are well described by
numerical simulations from the zero- to high-field regimes, including the
intermediate regime of maximum complexity. We evaluate the prospects of
nanodiamond ensembles specifically for nuclear hyperpolarization and show that
frequency-swept dynamic nuclear polarization may transfer a large amount of the
NV- center's hyperpolarization to nuclear spins by sweeping over a small region
of its spectrum.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Measurement of Untruncated Nuclear Spin Interactions via Zero- to Ultra-Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Zero- to ultra-low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) provides a new
regime for the measurement of nuclear spin-spin interactions free from effects
of large magnetic fields, such as truncation of terms that do not commute with
the Zeeman Hamiltonian. One such interaction, the magnetic dipole-dipole
coupling, is a valuable source of spatial information in NMR, though many terms
are unobservable in high-field NMR, and the coupling averages to zero under
isotropic molecular tumbling. Under partial alignment, this information is
retained in the form of so-called residual dipolar couplings. We report zero-
to ultra-low-field NMR measurements of residual dipolar couplings in
acetonitrile-2-C aligned in stretched polyvinyl acetate gels. This
represents the first investigation of dipolar couplings as a perturbation on
the indirect spin-spin -coupling in the absence of an applied magnetic
field. As a consequence of working at zero magnetic field, we observe terms of
the dipole-dipole coupling Hamiltonian that are invisible in conventional
high-field NMR. This technique expands the capabilities of zero- to
ultra-low-field NMR and has potential applications in precision measurement of
subtle physical interactions, chemical analysis, and characterization of local
mesoscale structure in materials.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Globalization and health equity: The impact of structural adjustment programs on developing countries
Abstract Among the many drivers of health inequities, this article focuses on important, yet insufficiently understood, international-level determinants: economic globalization and the organizations that spread market-oriented policies to the developing world. One such organization is the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which provides financial assistance to countries in economic trouble in exchange for policy reforms. Through its 'structural adjustment programs,' countries around the world have liberalized and deregulated their economies. We examine how policy reforms prescribed in structural adjustment programs explain variation in health equity between nations—approximated by health system access and neonatal mortality. Our empirical analysis uses an original dataset of IMF-mandated policy reforms for a panel of up to 137 developing countries between 1980 and 2014. We employ regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between these reforms and health equity, taking into account the non-random selection and design of IMF programs. We find that structural adjustment reforms lower health system access and increase neonatal mortality. Additional analyses show that labor market reforms drive these deleterious effects. Overall, our evidence suggests that structural adjustment programs endanger the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries
LGEM: a first-order logic framework for automated improvement of metabolic network models through abduction
Scientific discovery in biology is difficult due to the complexity of the
systems involved and the expense of obtaining high quality experimental data.
Automated techniques are a promising way to make scientific discoveries at the
scale and pace required to model large biological systems. A key problem for
21st century biology is to build a computational model of the eukaryotic cell.
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the best understood eukaryote, and
genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are rich sources of background knowledge
that we can use as a basis for automated inference and investigation.
We present LGEM+, a system for automated abductive improvement of GEMs
consisting of: a compartmentalised first-order logic framework for describing
biochemical pathways (using curated GEMs as the expert knowledge source); and a
two-stage hypothesis abduction procedure.
We demonstrate that deductive inference on logical theories created using
LGEM+, using the automated theorem prover iProver, can predict growth/no-growth
of S. cerevisiae strains in minimal media. LGEM+ proposed 2094 unique candidate
hypotheses for model improvement. We assess the value of the generated
hypotheses using two criteria: (a) genome-wide single-gene essentiality
prediction, and (b) constraint of flux-balance analysis (FBA) simulations. For
(b) we developed an algorithm to integrate FBA with the logic model. We rank
and filter the hypotheses using these assessments. We intend to test these
hypotheses using the robot scientist Genesis, which is based around chemostat
cultivation and high-throughput metabolomics.Comment: 15 pages, one figure, two tables, two algorithm
Recommended from our members
Spreading the Washington Consensus into Food and Agriculture Sectors: The Case of the International Monetary Fund
The mandate and competence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) do not cover food and agriculture policies. Yet, signs indicate that IMF enages in these policies. Scholars lack a systematic empirical foundation to monitor the extent and impact of IMF’s operations on these sectors. Based on a combination of machine and human coding, we present a comprehensive database on IMF’s policy interventions in food and agriculture. Using new data on IMF conditionality between 1980 and 2014, we assess to what extent the IMF targets these sectors through its ‘conditionalities’—policies that governments need to implement to access IMF credit. The analysis evaluates the agricultural content and ideological orientation of each condition according to whether it promotes a developmental state, a night-watchman state, or neither. The analysis identifies that about 2% of all IMF conditions (1,105 of 58,406) directly target food and agriculture issues. These conditions are available in 43% of all IMF programs (332 of 781). They affect 100 countries of all the 131 countries in which the IMF had any agreements since the 1980s. In addition, the analysis reveals that 59.2% of these conditions embody policy measures in line with a night-watchman state, 40.1% are model-neutral, and 0.7% are developmental. Within the model-neutral category, 23.9% are conditions oriented towards building state capacity; 2.7% have a poverty reduction content; and 2.9% contain pro- environmental policies. The article discusses potential mechanisms driving the IMF to intervene into agriculture and theorizes about possible effects of these conditions on people’s livelihoods
The Cyborg Astrobiologist: Testing a Novelty-Detection Algorithm on Two Mobile Exploration Systems at Rivas Vaciamadrid in Spain and at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah
(ABRIDGED) In previous work, two platforms have been developed for testing
computer-vision algorithms for robotic planetary exploration (McGuire et al.
2004b,2005; Bartolo et al. 2007). The wearable-computer platform has been
tested at geological and astrobiological field sites in Spain (Rivas
Vaciamadrid and Riba de Santiuste), and the phone-camera has been tested at a
geological field site in Malta. In this work, we (i) apply a Hopfield
neural-network algorithm for novelty detection based upon color, (ii) integrate
a field-capable digital microscope on the wearable computer platform, (iii)
test this novelty detection with the digital microscope at Rivas Vaciamadrid,
(iv) develop a Bluetooth communication mode for the phone-camera platform, in
order to allow access to a mobile processing computer at the field sites, and
(v) test the novelty detection on the Bluetooth-enabled phone-camera connected
to a netbook computer at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah. This systems
engineering and field testing have together allowed us to develop a real-time
computer-vision system that is capable, for example, of identifying lichens as
novel within a series of images acquired in semi-arid desert environments. We
acquired sequences of images of geologic outcrops in Utah and Spain consisting
of various rock types and colors to test this algorithm. The algorithm robustly
recognized previously-observed units by their color, while requiring only a
single image or a few images to learn colors as familiar, demonstrating its
fast learning capability.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in the International
Journal of Astrobiolog
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