해방 후 공민과 농민 주체에 관한 미군정의 접근 연구: ⸢농민주보⸥의 내용분석을 중심으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사범대학 협동과정 글로벌교육협력전공,2019. 8. 강대중.The purpose of this study is to explore how the intentions of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK, 1945-1948) were represented in the Farmers Weekly, published by the Department of Public Information, in terms of enlightening farmers as a new subject of newly-independent South Korea. This study conducts a qualitative content analysis of the Farmers Weekly to illustrate the aspects of literacy that are found in it and the subjectivity the military government intended to produce through such literacy. The newspaper is viewed as a literacy education texts in that it contained contents on knowledge, attitudes, values, and practices to cultivate a certain literacy. The contents of the Farmers Weekly are categorized into three groups based on the types of literacy they foster: basic, political, and agricultural literacy. The basic literacy contents are subdivided into Korean literacy, the history of Korea, and health. The political literacy contents comprise the following: the USAMGIKs policies, activities, and political perspectives; criticisms against the communist Soviet Unions; and democracy and political participation. The agricultural literacy contents include food policies, crop cultivation techniques, animal husbandry, and farmers virtues. These contents are restructured as the literacy required for the kongmin (civics)—a political subject—and the farmer—an economic subject. The kongmin is the subject who realizes nation-building and democracy within the US-led liberal camp while conforming to the national authority. Literacy for the kongmin is composed of, first, basic literacy of Hanguel, Korean history, and health and, second, political literacy comprising appreciation of democracy, pro-US and anti-Soviet perspectives, and conformity to the national authority. This was a noticeable switch from colonial education for imperial subjects, characteristic of the approach of the military government (MG) to the political subject of a democratic state in the context of the Cold War. The conformity required of the kongmin, however, had the potential to override the value for democracy, amid highly nationalistic colonial legacies remaining in education, as it meant refraining from active political participation. The farmer is a rational economic subject, who is required for scientific literacy for farming. The literate farmer also learns to become not only self-reliant to break the cycle of individual poverty but also devoted to supporting the national economy. This incorporates both the United States introduction to a rational way of thinking and practice in farming, as well as values that were conventionally required of farmers from the late colonial period with continuing rural poverty, limited governmental financial support, and procrastination of land reforms after the liberation. As such, the subjectivity the USAMGIK intended through the medium of the Farmers Weekly had distinctive characteristics but was also based upon the educational contexts intertwined with political and economic contexts unfolding from the colonial period into liberated Korea. This thesis provides a better understanding of literacy education for farmers. It discusses the features of literacy that the MG required farmers to learn, in terms of making them the new subjects of independent Korea. It also contributes to an understanding of the features of farmers economic as well as political subjectivity, while previous research was more inclined to solely investigate political subjectivity focusing on kongmin in the political contexts of the Cold War.이 연구의 목적은 미군정 (1945년-1948년)이 농민들에게 의도했던 새로운 국가의 주체의 모습이 공보부가 발간한 신문 ⸢농민주보⸥에 어떻게 나타나 있는지 탐구하는 것이다. ⸢농민주보⸥에 나타나는 문해의 여러 측면들을 분석하고, 이를 통해 미군정이 어떤 종류의 주체성을 생산하고자 했는지 드러내고자 하였다. 본 연구는 ⸢농민주보⸥를 문해를 위한 특정한 지식, 태도, 가치관, 실천 내용을 담고 있는 문해교육 교재로 보고, 질적 내용분석을 통해 이와 같은 문제를 탐구하였다. ⸢농민주보⸥의 내용은 육하는 문해의 종류에 따라 세 그룹으로 나뉜다. 첫째, 기초 문해를 위한 내용은 한글 문해, 한국사, 보건 및 위생 교육으로 이루어져 있다. 둘째, 정치 문해를 위한 내용은 미군정의 정책, 활동, 정치적 관점, 소련에 대한 경계와 비판, 민주주의 및 정치 참여로 구성된다. 셋째, 농업 문해를 위한 내용은 미군정의 식량 정책, 작물 재배법, 축산법, 농민으로서 갖춰야 할 미덕을 포괄한다. 이 내용들은 미군정이 정치적 주체인 공민에게 요구한 문해와 경제적 주체인 농민에게 요구한 문해로 재조직될 수 있다. 미군정은 농민들을 미국의 자유진영 안에서 민주주의와 국가건설을 실현하는 공민으로 교육하고자 했다. 또한, 공민은 국가의 필요에 철저하게 순응적인 주체여야 했다. ⸢농민주보⸥는 공민을 위해 한글, 국사, 보건 지식 및 실천으로 구성된 기초 문해와 민주주의 및 친미-반소의 관점, 국가 권위 대한 이해와 수용으로 구성된 정치 문해를 가르쳤다. 이는 일제강점기 황국신민에서 진일보한 것으로, 냉전 하에서 민주 국가의 정치적 주체 교육에 대한 미군정의 독특한 접근을 보여준다. 그러나 국가 권위에 대한 순응을 강조한 것은 극도로 국가주의적인 식민지기 교육의 잔재가 남아 있는 상황에서 공민으로 하여금 국가의 권위에 대한 순응을 민주적인 가치와 실천보다 우선시 하게 할 수도 있었다. 또한, 미군정은 농민을 합리적 경제 주체로 계몽하고자 했으며, 이를 위해서 농민들은 농사일에 적합한 과학 문해와 농사에 대한 합리적인 사고방식과 실천을 배워야만 했다. 또한, 미군정이 농민에게 요구한 문해는 빈곤에 대한 개인적 책임의식과 국가 경제에 대한 헌신과 같은 가치관도 포함하였다. 이는 미군정이 경제적 주체로서의 농민이 새롭게 소개된 합리성을 습득하면서도, 가치관 측면에서는 지속되는 농촌 빈곤, 국가 지원의 제한, 농지 개혁의 지체 속에서 일제강점기 후반 이후 줄곧 농민에게 기대되었던 바를 유지하기를 의도했음을 보여준다. 이처럼 미군정이 의도한 농민의 주체성은 그 시기의 독특한 특징을 띄고 있지만, 동시에 일제강점기 후반부터 해방 이후까지 지속되어 오던 역사적 맥락을 기반으로 하고 있기도 했다.TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION １ 1.1. Background １ 1.2. Statement of the Problem ６ 1.3 Research Purpose and Questions １２ 1.4 Significance of the Study １３ CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW １４ 2.1 Education in the Late Japanese Colonial Era １４ 2.1.1 Nationalist Social Education １４ 2.1.2 Farmers Enlightenment and the Rural Community Development １６ 2.2 Civics Education under the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) ２３ 2.2.1 Democratic Nation-Building and Civics Education ２３ 2.2.2 Civics and Farmers Enlightenment ２８ 2.3 Literacy ３１ 2.3.1 Functional Approach ３２ 2.3.2 Critical Approach ３５ 2.3.3 Expanding the Concept of Literacy ３７ CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ３９ 3.1 Qualitative Content Analysis ３９ 3.2 Overview of the Farmers Weekly ４０ 3.2.1 The Publisher and Publishing Purpose ４０ 3.2.2 The Farmers Weekly as a Literacy Education Text ４３ 3.3 Analysis Process ４７ CHAPTER Ⅳ. FINDINGS ５４ 4.1 Basic Literacy ５４ 4.1.1 Hangeul and Korean History ５４ 4.1.2 Health and Hygiene ５５ 4.2 Political Literacy ５７ 4.2.1. The USAMGIKs Policies, Activities, and Political Perspectives ５７ 4.2.2. Criticisms against the communist Soviet Unions ６４ 4.2.3. Democracy and Political Participation ６５ 4.3 Agricultural Literacy ７２ 4.3.1 Food Control Policies ７２ 4.3.2 Crop Cultivation Techniques ７７ 4.3.3. Animal Husbandry Techniques ８４ 4.3.4 Farmers Virtues ９０ CHAPTER Ⅴ. DISCUSSION ９５ 5.1 Literacy for the Kongmin ９５ 5.1.1 The Basic Literacy ９６ 5.1.2 The Political Literacy Required ９７ 5.1.2 The Political Literacy Excluded １０４ 5.2 Literacy for the Farmer １０５ 5.2.1 The Scientific Literacy for Farming １０６ 5.2.2 The Values Required １１０ CHAPTER Ⅵ. CONCLUSION １１５ BIBLIOGRAPHY １２０ 국문초록 １３０ Acknowledgements １３２Maste

Correlated parameters in driving behavior models: car-following example and implications for traffic microsimulation

Behavioral parameters in car following and other models of driving behavior are expected to be correlated. An investigation is conducted into the effect of ignoring correlations in three parameters of car-following models on the resulting movement and properties of a simulated heterogeneous vehicle traffic stream. For each model specification, parameters are calibrated for the entire sample of individual drivers with Next Generation Simulation trajectory data. Factor analysis is performed to understand the pattern of relationships between parameters on the basis of calibrated data. Correlation coefficients have been used to show statistically significant correlation between the parameters. Simulation experiments are performed with vehicle parameter sets generated with and without considering such correlation. First, parameter values are sampled from the empirical mass functions, and simulated results show significant difference in output measures when parameter correlation is captured (versus ignored). Next, parameters are sampled under the assumption that they follow the multivariate normal distribution. Results suggest that the use of parametric distribution with known correlation structure may not sufficiently reduce the error due to ignoring correlation if the underlying assumption does not hold for both marginal and joint distributions

Determination of melanin types and relative concentrations: an observational study using a non-invasive inverse skin reflectance analysis

Objective: Melanin is a major skin colour pigment that made up of eumelanin (the dark brown–black colour) and pheomelanin (the light red–yellow colour) pigments. Skin-whitening products typically contain depigmentation agents that reduce the level of pigmentation by changing the pheomelanin–eumelanin production. Similarly, in skin pigment treatment of skin disorders, the melanin production is managed accordingly. To assess and improve treatment efficacy, it is important to have a measurement tool that is capable of determining the melanin types objectively. So far, the efficacy assessment is subjective. In this study, an inverse skin reflectance pigmentation analysis system that determines eumelanin and pheomelanin content is developed and evaluated in an observational study involving 36 participants with skin photo type IV. Methods: The reflectance spectra of the left forearms of participants were analysed by the pigmentation analysis system to determine their skin parameters – pheomelanin and eumelanin concentrations, melanosome volume fraction, and epidermal thickness. The determined skin parameters are then inputted into the realistic skin model (RSM) of the Advanced Systems Analyses Program (asap®) to generate the ground truth reflectance spectra for the given skin parameters to validate the system. Results: The developed pigmentation analysis system is found to be accurate with a spectral error of 0.0163 ± 0.009 between measured reflectance and the reflectance output of the analysis system and RSM. The regression analysis shows a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.994) indicating good precision. The relative concentrations of pheomelanin (38.23 ± 15.04) and eumelanin (1.68 ± 0.91) analysed by the system gives a ratio of pheomelanin to eumelanin of 0.048 ± 0.029; this value is consistent with previously reported figure of 0.049. Conclusion: The proposed pigmentation analysis system is able to determine melanin types and their relative concentrations. It has the potential to assess the efficacy of the skin-whitening and pigmentation treatments objectively in a non-invasive manner

Likelihood and duration of flow breakdown: modeling the effect of weather

The effect of rain on freeway flow breakdown behavior is investigated. Three aspects of flow breakdown are analyzed for rain versus no rain (clear) weather conditions. First, the probability of breakdown occurrence is examined by analyzing the distribution of prebreakdown flow rates observed immediately before the onset of traffic breakdown by using a survival analysis approach. At all study sections, a reduction with prebreakdown flow rates is observed under rain conditions compared with distributions under no rain and confirms higher breakdown likelihoods at lower flows. Log likelihood ratio tests confirm the statistical significance of differences in the prebreakdown flow rate distribution parameters under rain compared with clear conditions. Second, breakdown duration is examined by estimating a semiparametric Cox proportional hazard model. With a rain event indicator set as an independent variable, the effect of rain on breakdown duration is observed. Rain during a breakdown episode is found to increase its duration, whereas rain before breakdown does not appear to affect duration. Finally, prebreakdown and postbreakdown flow rates are compared. Overall, while a reduction in prebreakdown flow rates is observed because of rain, the flow drop between prebreakdown and postbreakdown is not much different between rain (3.9% to 12.0%) and no rain (7.8% to 12.7%) conditions

Scenario-based approach to analysis of travel time reliability with traffic simulation models

This study established a conceptual framework for capturing the probabilistic nature of travel times with the use of existing traffic simulation models. The framework features three components: scenario manager, traffic simulation models, and trajectory processor. The scenario manager captures exogenous sources of variation in travel times through external scenarios consistent with real-world roadway disruptions. The traffic simulation models then produce individual vehicle trajectories for input scenarios while further introducing randomness that stems from endogenous sources of variation. Finally, the trajectory processor constructs distributions of travel time either for each scenario or for multiple scenarios to allow users to investigate scenario-specific impact on variability in travel times and overall system reliability. Within this framework, the paper discusses methodologies for performing scenario-based reliability analysis that focuses on (a) approaches to obtaining distributions of travel times from scenario-specific outputs and (b) issues and practices associated with designing and generating input scenarios. The proposed scenario-based approach was applied to a real-world network to show detailed procedures, analysis results, and their implications

Calibration of traffic flow models under adverse weather and application in mesoscopic network simulation

The weather-sensitive traffic estimation and prediction system (TrEPS) aims for accurate estimation and prediction of the traffic states under inclement weather conditions. Successful application of weather-sensitive TrEPS requires detailed calibration of weather effects on the traffic flow model. In this study, systematic procedures for the entire calibration process were developed, from data collection through model parameter estimation to model validation. After the development of the procedures, a dual-regime modified Greenshields model and weather adjustment factors were calibrated for four metropolitan areas across the United States (Irvine, California; Chicago, Illinois; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Baltimore, Maryland) by using freeway loop detector traffic data and weather data from automated surface-observing systems stations. Observations showed that visibility and precipitation (rain-snow) intensity have significant impacts on the value of some parameters of the traffic flow models, such as free-flow speed and maximum flow rate, while these impacts can be included in weather adjustment factors. The calibrated models were used as input in a weather-integrated simulation system for dynamic traffic assignment. The results show that the calibrated models are capable of capturing the weather effects on traffic flow more realistically than TrEPS without weather integration

An integrated microstructural-nanomechanical-chemical approach to examine material-specific characteristics of cementitious interphase regions

Effective properties and structural performance of cementitious mixtures are substantially governed by the quality of the interphase region because it acts as a bridge transferring forces between aggregates and a binding matrix and is generally susceptible to damage. As alternative binding agents like alkali-activated precursors have obtained substantial attention in recent years, there is a growing need for fundamental knowledge to uncover interphase formation mechanisms. In this paper, two different types of binding materials, i.e., fly ash-based geopolymer and ordinary portland cement, were mixed with limestone aggregate to examine and compare the microstructures and nanomechanical properties of interphase region. To this end, microstructural characteristics using scanning microscopies, nanomechanical properties by nanoindentation tests, and spatial mapping of chemical contents based on the energy dispersive spectroscopy were integrated to identify and investigate the interphase region formed by the case-specific interactions between the matrix materials and limestone. The integrated microstructural-nanomechanicalchemical approach was effective to better understand links between material-specific properties of cementing phases. More specifically, the fly ash-based geopolymer paste was usually well bonded to the aggregate surface with a rich formation of NA- S-H gel, while interfacial debonding was often observed between aggregate surface and paste in ordinary portland cement concrete. However, when a good bonding between aggregate and paste is formed, interphase region in PCC didn’t show any considerable difference in nanomechanical properties compared to the bulk paste

An Integrated Microstructural-Nanomechanical-Chemical Approach to Examine Material-Specific Characteristics of Cementitious Interphase Regions

Effective properties and structural performance of cementitious mixtures are substantially governed by the quality of the interphase region because it acts as a bridge transferring forces between aggregates and a binding matrix and is generally susceptible to damage. As alternative binding agents like alkali-activated precursors have obtained substantial attention in recent years, there is a growing need for fundamental knowledge to uncover interphase formation mechanisms. In this paper, two different types of binding materials, i.e., fly ash-based geopolymer and ordinary portland cement, were mixed with limestone aggregate to examine and compare the microstructures and nanomechanical properties of interphase region. To this end, microstructural characteristics using scanning microscopies, nanomechanical properties by nanoindentation tests, and spatial mapping of chemical contents based on the energy dispersive spectroscopy were integrated to identify and investigate the interphase region formed by the case-specific interactions between the matrix materials and limestone. The integrated microstructural-nanomechanical-chemical approach was effective to better understand links between material-specific properties of cementing phases. More specifically, the fly ash-based geopolymer paste was usually well bonded to the aggregate surface with a rich formation of NA- S-H gel, while interfacial debonding was often observed between aggregate surface and paste in ordinary portland cement concrete. However, when a good bonding between aggregate and paste is formed, interphase region in PCC didn’t show any considerable difference in nanomechanical properties compared to the bulk paste

Persim - Simulator for Human Activities in Pervasive Spaces

Activity recognition research relies heavily on test data to verify the modeling technique and the performance of the activity recognition algorithm. But data from real deployments are expensive and time consuming to obtain. And even if cost is not an issue, regulatory limitations on the use of human subjects prohibit the collection of extensive datasets that can test all scenarios, under all circumstances. A powerful and verifiable simulation tool is needed to accelerate research on human activity recognition. We present Persim, an event driven simulator of human activities in pervasive spaces. Persim is capable of capturing elements of space, sensors, behaviors (activities), and their inter-relationships. We focus on presenting the five main use cases for Persim addressing dataset synthesis, reuse and extension of existing datasets, sharing of data and simulation projects, as well as data validation. © 2011 IEEE

Implementation and evaluation of weather-responsive traffic management strategies

This study presents the development and application of methodologies to support weather-responsive traffic management (WRTM) strategies by building on traffic estimation and prediction system models. First, a systematic framework for implementing and evaluating WRTM strategies under severe weather conditions is developed. This framework includes activities for planning, preparing, and deploying WRTM strategies in three different time frames: long-term strategic planning, short-term tactical planning, and real-time traffic management center operations. Next, the evaluation of various strategies is demonstrated with locally calibrated network simulation-assignment model capabilities, and special-purpose key performance indicators are introduced. Three types of WRTM strategies [demand management, advisory and control variable message signs (VMSs), and incident management VMSs] are applied to multiple major U.S. areas, namely, Chicago, Illinois; Salt Lake City, Utah; and the Long Island area in New York. The analysis results illustrate the benefits of WRTM under inclement weather conditions and emphasize the importance of incorporating a predictive capability into selecting and deploying WRTM strategies