Individual Responsibility Concerning HIV Transmission Among MSM: A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of NGO Intervention Policies and Their Practical Applications Within the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands

This study investigates the complexities involved in utilizing the terms of individual responsibility for the construction of HIV prevention campaigns that target men who have sex with men. Four health workers in the Netherlands were interviewed about their personal opinions regarding HIV intervention, and these interviews were analyzed qualitatively for their points of comparison and contrast. Then, campaign materials from organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia were analyzed for their use of the language of responsibility, their portrayal of MSM, their balance between promoting disclosure and communication, their focus on individual groups within the MSM community, and their overall deployment of either a liberal or normalistic approach to prevention. Results include the reality that even when the problems are made known through research, it is very difficult to create effective and realistic methodologies for intervention. One theme that arose from this study is that prevention campaigns need to provide a general message to MSM concerning communication, testing, and responsibility before any tailored messages are expressed. Additionally, it became clear that fear, stigma, and assumption-making are important targets for ‘responsible’ prevention work in the Netherlands

A house on a street: a proposal for the multi-generational house in America

The American Dream of the past would have a “bread-winner,” no need for affordable child care, and guaranteed retirement. While those concepts are still prevalent in some capacities, the rise of dual-income families, lack of child care, and delayed or foregone retirement creates an opportunity for the multigenerational home to reemerge as a critical housing typology in America. To set the stage for this investigation, the house\u27s life cycle is broken into five acts. Each act plays out a different configuration of space to the changing lifestyle of a family of six. The characters are two grandparents, two parents, and two children. By subverting the typical consumerist real estate cycle, first-time buyer, mover-upper, and down-sizer, this house considers the values gained by creating longer-lasting housing

Need, effort, or integration? The development of intuitive distributive justice decisions in children, adolescents, and adults

AbstractThis study examined the criteria children, adolescents, and adults intuitively apply when they distribute a resource between two protagonists who differ systematically in need and effort. Two main questions were investigated: (a) Do the allocation criteria (equality, need, effort, integration of need and effort) differ by age? (b) Do the allocation criteria of adolescents differ in accordance with whether they attend a vocational or an academic‐track school? A total of N = 481 participants took part in two experiments. In each, they had to make 18 decisions about how to allocate a resource fairly. The experiments differed in their operationalization of need (amount of sweets in Experiment 1 vs. number of toys in Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, allocation decisions made on the basis of need information alone occurred primarily in 7‐ and 9‐year‐olds and became less frequent in 12‐ and 16‐year‐olds and adults. Allocation decisions made on the basis of effort information alone were rare in children and occurred with increasing frequency in adolescents and adults. An integration of need and effort was the most common principle chosen from ages 9 to 16, followed by an orientation toward integration or effort alone in adults. Adolescents' allocation patterns did not vary by the type of school they attended. In Experiment 2, only adolescents and adults participated. Their results largely replicated those of Experiment 1. The discussion addresses the impact of cognitive development and socialization processes for the development of distributive justice

Whole blood coagulation and platelet activation in the athlete: A comparison of marathon, triathlon and long distance cycling

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Serious thrombembolic events occur in otherwise healthy marathon athletes during competition. We tested the hypothesis that during heavy endurance sports coagulation and platelets are activated depending on the type of endurance sport with respect to its running fraction.</p> <p>Materials and Methods</p> <p>68 healthy athletes participating in marathon (MAR, running 42 km, n = 24), triathlon (TRI, swimming 2.5 km + cycling 90 km + running 21 km, n = 22), and long distance cycling (CYC, 151 km, n = 22) were included in the study. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after completion of competition to perform rotational thrombelastometry. We assessed coagulation time (CT), maximum clot firmness (MCF) after intrinsically activation and fibrin polymerization (FIBTEM). Furthermore, platelet aggregation was tested after activation with ADP and thrombin activating peptide 6 (TRAP) by using multiple platelet function analyzer.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Complete data sets were obtained in 58 athletes (MAR: n = 20, TRI: n = 19, CYC: n = 19). CT significantly decreased in all groups (MAR -9.9%, TRI -8.3%, CYC -7.4%) without differences between groups. In parallel, MCF (MAR +7.4%, TRI +6.1%, CYC +8.3%) and fibrin polymerization (MAR +14.7%, TRI +6.1%, CYC +8.3%) were significantly increased in all groups. However, platelets were only activated during MAR and TRI as indicated by increased AUC during TRAP-activation (MAR +15.8%) and increased AUC during ADP-activation in MAR (+50.3%) and TRI (+57.5%).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>While coagulation is activated during physical activity irrespective of type we observed significant platelet activation only during marathon and to a lesser extent during triathlon. We speculate that prolonged running may increase platelet activity, possibly, due to mechanical alteration. Thus, particularly prolonged running may increase the risk of thrombembolic incidents in running athletes.</p

Combined Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Adaptive Coastline Protection Structures

Traditional reinforcement cages are manufactured in a handicraft manner and do not use the full potential of the material, nor can they map from optimised geometries. The shown research is focused on robotically-manufactured, structurally-optimised reinforcement structures which are prefabricated and can be encased by concrete through SC3DP in a combined process. Based on the reinforcement concept of “reinforcement supports concrete,” the prefabricated cages support the concrete during application in a combined AM process. To demonstrate the huge potential of combined AM processes based on the SC3DP and WAAM techniques (for example, the manufacturing of individualized CPS), the so-called FLOWall is presented here. First, the form-finding process for the FLOWall concept based on fluid dynamic simulation is explained. For this, a three-step strategy is presented, which consists of (i) the 3D modelling of the element, (ii) the force-flow analysis, and (iii) the structural validation in a computational fluid dynamics software. From the finalized design, the printing phase is divided into two steps, one for the WAAM reinforcement and one for the SC3DP wall. The final result provides a good example of efficient integration of two different printing techniques to create a new generation of freeform coastline protection structures

CONSTRUÇÃO E GESTÃO DE CONTEÚDO EDUCACIONAL PARA EAD USANDO GESTÃO DE PROCESSOS E SIMULAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma abordagem para EAD(Educação a Distância), e apresentar uma arquitetura para um ambiente destinado aapoiá-la, que mescla técnicas oriundas da área de Gestão de Processos, como o uso datecnologia de workflow, com técnicas da área de simulação de sistemas, como aflexibilidade na modelagem e as facilidades de monitoramento e análise de modelos. Ametodologia e o ambiente propostos destinam-se a auxiliar o educador na estruturaçãodo seu material didático, na criação de roteiros flexíveis para a navegação do mesmo naInternet e no monitoramento da execução do curso, podendo ser utilizado como auxílioa aulas presenciais ou na criação de cursos completos na modalidade de EAD