Controlling for genetic identity of varieties, pollen contamination and stigma receptivity is essential to characterize the self-incompatibility system of Olea europaea L.

open7siBervillé et al. express concern about the existence of the diallelic self-incompatibility (DSI) system in Olea europaea, mainly because our model does not account for results from previous studies from their group that claimed to have documented asymmetry of the incompatibility response in reciprocal crosses. In this answer to their comment, we present original results based on reciprocal stigma tests that contradict conclusions from these studies. We show that, in our hands, not a single case of asymmetry was confirmed, endorsing that symmetry of incompatibility reactions seems to be the rule in Olive. We discuss three important aspects that were not taken into account in the studies cited in their comments and that can explain the discrepancy: (i) the vast uncertainty around the actual genetic identity of vernacular varieties, (ii) the risk of massive contamination associated with the pollination protocols that they used and (iii) the importance of checking for stigma receptivity in controlled crosses. These studies were thus poorly genetically controlled, and we stand by our original conclusion that Olive tree exhibits DSI.openSaumitou-Laprade, Pierre; Vernet, Philippe; Vekemans, Xavier; Castric, Vincent; Barcaccia, Gianni; Khadari, Bouchaib; Baldoni, LucianaSaumitou-Laprade, Pierre; Vernet, Philippe; Vekemans, Xavier; Castric, Vincent; Barcaccia, Gianni; Khadari, Bouchaib; Baldoni, Lucian

Genomic profiling of plastid DNA variation in the Mediterranean olive tree

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Characterisation of plastid genome (or cpDNA) polymorphisms is commonly used for phylogeographic, population genetic and forensic analyses in plants, but detecting cpDNA variation is sometimes challenging, limiting the applications of such an approach. In the present study, we screened cpDNA polymorphism in the olive tree (<it>Olea europaea </it>L.) by sequencing the complete plastid genome of trees with a distinct cpDNA lineage. Our objective was to develop new markers for a rapid genomic profiling (by Multiplex PCRs) of cpDNA haplotypes in the Mediterranean olive tree.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eight complete cpDNA genomes of <it>Olea </it>were sequenced <it>de novo</it>. The nucleotide divergence between olive cpDNA lineages was low and not exceeding 0.07%. Based on these sequences, markers were developed for studying two single nucleotide substitutions and length polymorphism of 62 regions (with variable microsatellite motifs or other indels). They were then used to genotype the cpDNA variation in cultivated and wild Mediterranean olive trees (315 individuals). Forty polymorphic loci were detected on this sample, allowing the distinction of 22 haplotypes belonging to the three Mediterranean cpDNA lineages known as E1, E2 and E3. The discriminating power of cpDNA variation was particularly low for the cultivated olive tree with one predominating haplotype, but more diversity was detected in wild populations.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We propose a method for a rapid characterisation of the Mediterranean olive germplasm. The low variation in the cultivated olive tree indicated that the utility of cpDNA variation for forensic analyses is limited to rare haplotypes. In contrast, the high cpDNA variation in wild populations demonstrated that our markers may be useful for phylogeographic and populations genetic studies in <it>O. europaea</it>.</p

Cyto-nuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Ficus section Galoglychia and host shifts in plant-pollinator associations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hybridization events are relatively common in vascular plants. However, the frequency of these events is unevenly distributed across the plant phylogeny. Plant families in which individual species are pollinated by specific pollinator species are predicted to be less prone to hybridization than other families. However, exceptions may occur within these families, when pollinators shift host-plant species. Indeed, host shifts are expected to increase the rate of hybridization events. Pollinators of <it>Ficus </it>section <it>Galoglychia </it>are suspected to have changed host repeatedly, based on several cases of incongruence between plant phylogeny and taxonomy, and insect phylogeny and taxonomy. We tracked cyto-nuclear discordance across section <it>Galoglychia </it>as evidence for hybridization. To achieve a proper global view, we first clarified the monophyly of section <it>Galoglychia </it>as it had been questioned by recent phylogenetic studies. Moreover, we investigated if fig size could be a factor facilitating host shifts.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phylogenetic chloroplast and nuclear results demonstrated the monophyly of section <it>Galoglychia</it>. Within section <it>Galoglychia</it>, we detected several cases of statistically significant cyto-nuclear discordance. Discordances concern both terminal nodes of the phylogenetic trees and one deep node defining relationships between subsections. Because nuclear phylogeny is congruent with morphological taxonomy, discordances were caused by the chloroplast phylogeny. Introgressive hybridization was the most likely explanation for these discordances. We also detected that subsections pollinated by several wasp genera had smaller figs and were pollinated by smaller wasps than subsections pollinated by a single wasp genus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>As hypothesized, we discovered evidences of past hybridization in <it>Ficus </it>section <it>Galoglychia</it>. Further, introgression was only detected in subsections presenting incongruence between plant and pollinator phylogenies and taxonomy. This supports the hypothesis that host shift is the cause for plant-pollinator incongruence. Moreover, small fig size could facilitate host shifts. Eventually, this study demonstrates that non-coding chloroplast markers are valuable to resolve deep nodes in <it>Ficus </it>phylogeny.</p

Traditional agroecosystems as conservatories and incubators of cultivated plant varietal diversity: the case of fig (Ficus carica L.) in Morocco

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Traditional agroecosystems are known to host both large crop species diversity and high within crop genetic diversity. In a context of global change, this diversity may be needed to feed the world. Are these agroecosystems museums (i.e. large core collections) or cradles of diversity? We investigated this question for a clonally propagated plant, fig (<it>Ficus carica</it>), within its native range, in Morocco, but as far away as possible from supposed centers of domestication.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fig varieties were locally numerous. They were found to be mainly highly local and corresponded to clones propagated vegetatively. Nevertheless these clones were often sufficiently old to have accumulated somatic mutations for selected traits (fig skin color) and at neutral loci (microsatellite markers). Further the pattern of spatial genetic structure was similar to the pattern expected in natural population for a mutation/drift/migration model at equilibrium, with homogeneous levels of local genetic diversity throughout Moroccan traditional agroecosystems.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that traditional agroecosystems constitue active incubators of varietal diversity even for clonally propagated crop species, and even when varieties correspond to clones that are often old. As only female fig is cultivated, wild fig and cultivated fig probably constitute a single evolutionary unit within these traditional agroecosystems. Core collections, however useful, are museums and hence cannot serve the same functions as traditional agroecosystems.</p

Actitud hacia la práctica profesional entre los farmacéuticos comunitarios en Kuala Lumpur, Malasia

Objetivos: Este estudio se dirigió a evaluar las actitudes de los farmacéuticos comunitarios hacia la práctica profesional y determinar su competencia observada en diversas actividades farmacéuticas. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en la ciudad de Kuala Lumpur. El cuestionario contenía 40 preguntas divididas en seis secciones que abordaban varios aspectos de la práctica y la información demográfica. En el estudio participaron 223 farmacéuticos con licencia que trabajan en farmacias comunitarias. Los datos se analizaron utilizando SPSS. Se utilizaron pruebas de correlación de Chi-cuadrado y Pearson para determinar la significación estadística de los datos dicotómicos. Hallazgos clave: Entre los 233 encuestados en actividades de gestión, 194 (87%) obtuvieron una puntuación buena y 5 (2,2%) obtuvieron una puntuación mala. En las actividades de dispensación, 199 (89,2%) obtuvieron la puntuación buena y 5 (2,2%) obtuvieron la puntuación mala. En las actividades de atención farmacéutica, 209 (93,7%) obtuvieron una buena puntuación y 4 (1,8%) obtuvieron una mala puntuación. En actividades inter / intraprofesionales, 108 (48,4%) puntuaron bien y 10 (4,5%) puntuaron mal. En las actividades de salud pública, 153 (68,6%) obtuvieron la puntuación buena y 6 (2,7%) obtuvieron la puntuación mala, mientras que en las actividades de mantenimiento de competencias, 160 (71,7%) obtuvieron la puntuación buena y 3 (1,3%) obtuvieron el puntaje pobre. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de los participantes obtuvo una buena actitud fue del 93,7% para las actividades de atención farmacéutica mientras que la mayor de los participantes obtuvo una mala actitud fue del 4,5% para las actividades inter / intraprofesionales. La mayoría de los participantes aceptan las actividades para mantener la competenciaObjectives: This study was directed to evaluate community pharmacists’ attitudes towards professional practice and determine their observed competence in various pharmaceutical activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The questionnaire contained 40 questions splitted into six sections that addressed several aspects of practice and demographic information. The study was involved in 223 licensed pharmacists who work in community pharmacies. Data were analyzed by using SPSS. Chisquare and Pearson’s correlation tests were used for statistical significance for dichotomous data. Key findings: Among the 233 respondents in managerial activities, 194 (87%) achieved the score good, and 5 (2.2%) had the score poor. In dispensing activities, 199 (89.2%) achieved the score good, and 5 (2.2%) had the score poor. In pharmaceutical care activities, 209 (93.7%) got the score good, and 4 (1.8%) got the score poor. In inter/intra professional activities, 108 (48.4%) got the score good, and 10 (4.5%) got the score poor. In public health activities, 153 (68.6%) got the score good, and 6 (2.7%) got the score poor whereas in the maintenance of competency activities, 160 (71.7%) got the score good, and 3 (1.3%) got the score poor. Conclusions: The highest of participants got a good attitude was 93.7% for pharmaceutical care activities while the highest of participants got poor attitude was 4.5% for inter/intra professional activities. The majority of the participants are accepting the activities to maintain competence.This work is supported by UCSI University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kuala Lumpur Malaysi

Addressing the Challenge of Cultivars Identification and Authentication in Mediterranean Olive Collections: A Case Study in Morocco

Conservation and use of well-characterized olive (Olea europaea L.) genetic resources are the key to future olive improvement and sustainable production. Yet, authentication of plant materials in ex-situ olive collections throughout the world has received little attention. Here we characterized 95 accessions, from a collection maintained in the experimental station of INRAMeknes, Morocco, by comparing their SSR (14 markers) and morphological (11 endocarp traits) profiles to an international reference dataset with 672 distinct genotypes corresponding to 535 well-described olive cultivars from the two Worldwide Olive Germplasm Banks of Marrakech, Morocco, and Cordoba, Spain (WOGB-M/C). Results revealed 122 alleles in the Meknes collection versus 265 in the reference database, but the difference was not significant. Additionally, forty cultivars were identified in Meknes collection, among which 33 were present in the reference database. Principal Coordinates Analysis revealed that these varieties span the range of all of the 535 varieties in the international database, indicating important genetic diversity within the investigated plant materials. Finally, cases of mislabeling errors, synonyms, and redundant genotypes pertaining mainly to “Picholine marocaine” and&nbsp;“Frantoio” varieties have been encountered in Meknes collection. Overall, our work highlights the power of coupling modern genetic and morphological tools along with exploring reference databases for authenticating genetic cultivars in olive tree collections. &nbsp

Verifying the reliability of hybrid issued from the cross “Picholine marocaine clones X Picholine du Languedoc”

In order to verify the reliability of hybrid population issued from crossing between 3 clones of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and the "Picholine du Languedoc" cultivar, the descendants and their parents wereanalysed using 35 microsatellite loci. No offspring resulted from self crossing of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and 218 descendants among 220 analysed are legitimate. This study showed clearly a segregating population and may be used as a genetic material for linkage map construction and for phenotyping resistance traits related to Spilocaea oleagina disease

Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation dan Think Pair Share Berbantuan Focusky terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas X SMK

Penggunaan pembelajaran konvensional dan kurangnya keterlibatan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran berdampak pada prestasi belajar matematika siswa yang tidak sesuai harapan. Alternatif pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa digunakan model pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) dan Think Pair Share (TPS) berbantuan Focusky. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan model pembelajaran GI dan TPS berbantuan Focusky terhadap prestasi belajar siswa kelas XSMK.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X SMK Pelita Nusantara 2 Semarang tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling sehingga didapatkan tiga kelas secara acak yang digunakan sebagai sampel penelitian. Desain penelitian ini adalah Postest-Only Control Design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa(1)terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar siswa antara siswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model GI berbantuanFocusky, model TPS berbantuan Focusky, dan pembelajaran konvensional;(2) prestasi belajar siswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model GI berbantuanFocuskylebih baik dari pembelajaran konvensional;(3)prestasi belajar siswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model TPS berbantuan Focusky lebih baik dari pembelajaran konvensional; (4) tidak terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar siswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model GI berbantuanFocuskydengan model TPS berbantuan Focusky;(5) terdapat pengaruh keaktifan siswa setelah mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model GI berbantuanFocuskydan model TPS berbantuan Focuskyterhadap prestasi belajar siswa;(6) prestasi belajar siswa yang mendapatkan pengajaran dengan model GI berbantuanFocuskydan model TPS berbantuan Focuskymencapai ketuntasan belajar secara individual maupun klasikal. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran GI dan TPS berbantuan Focusky efektif digunakan dalam pembelajaran

Genetic structure and core collection of the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Marrakech: towards the optimised management and use of Mediterranean olive genetic resources

The conservation of cultivated plants in ex-situ collections is essential for the optimal management and use of their genetic resources. For the olive tree, two world germplasm banks (OWGB) are presently established, in Córdoba (Spain) and Marrakech (Morocco). This latter was recently founded and includes 561 accessions from 14 Mediterranean countries. Using 12 nuclear microsatellites (SSRs) and three chloroplast DNA markers, this collection was characterised to examine the structure of the genetic diversity and propose a set of olive accessions encompassing the whole Mediterranean allelic diversity range. We identified 505 SSR profiles based on a total of 210 alleles. Based on these markers, the genetic diversity was similar to that of cultivars and wild olives which were previously characterised in another study indicating that OWGB Marrakech is representative of Mediterranean olive germplasm. Using a model-based Bayesian clustering method and principal components analysis, this OWGB was structured into three main gene pools corresponding to eastern, central and western parts of the Mediterranean Basin. We proposed 10 cores of 67 accessions capturing all detected alleles and 10 cores of 58 accessions capturing the 186 alleles observed more than once. In each of the 10 cores, a set of 40 accessions was identical, whereas the remaining accessions were different, indicating the need to include complementary criteria such as phenotypic adaptive and agronomic traits. Our study generated a molecular database for the entire OWGB Marrakech that may be used to optimise a strategy for the management of olive genetic resources and their use for subsequent genetic and genomic olive breeding