In order to verify the reliability of hybrid population issued from crossing between 3 clones of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and the "Picholine du Languedoc" cultivar, the descendants and their parents wereanalysed using 35 microsatellite loci. No offspring resulted from self crossing of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and 218 descendants among 220 analysed are legitimate. This study showed clearly a segregating population and may be used as a genetic material for linkage map construction and for phenotyping resistance traits related to Spilocaea oleagina disease

Boulouha, B

Charafi, J

El Meziane, A

El Modafar, C

Khadari, B

Moukhli, A

Rahioui, B

English

AJOL - African Journals Online

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (24), pp. 2776-2779, 17 December, 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2007 Academic Journals    Full Length Research Paper  Verifying the reliability of hybrid issued from the cross “Picholine marocaine clones X Picholine du Languedoc”  Jamal Charafi 1,2, Bouchra Rahioui2, Abdelatif El Meziane2, Abdelmajid Moukhli3, Belkacem Boulouha3, Cherkaoui El Modafar2 and Bouchaib Khadari1*  1UMR 1098 Développement et Amélioration des Plantes (DAP), INRA, 2 place Viala, 34 060 Montpellier cedex 1, France. 2Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de la Valorisation et Protection des Agro-Ressources. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, B.P. 549, 40 000 Marrakech, Morocco. 3UR Amélioration Génétique des Plantes, INRA, Marrakech, Morocco.  Accepted 4 June, 2007  In order to verify the reliability of hybrid population issued from crossing between 3 clones of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and the "Picholine du Languedoc" cultivar, the descendants and their parents were analysed using 35 microsatellite loci. No offspring resulted from self crossing of "Picholine marocaine" cultivar and 218 descendants among 220 analysed are legitimate. This study showed clearly a segregating population and may be used as a genetic material for linkage map construction and for phenotyping resistance traits related to Spilocaea oleagina disease.   Key words: Olea europaea, segregating population, microsatellite markers, QTL, Spilocaea oleagina.   INTRODUCTION   The olive tree is widely cultivated in Morocco. It has a major socio economical role since it contributes to the maintenance of the rural populations. The "Picholine marocaine" is the most dominant cultivar; more than 98% of the olive growing orchards are planted by this cultivar (Boulouha et al., 1992; Bamouh, 1998). Nevertheless, this variety is sensitive to the peacock spot disease attributed to the fungus Spilocaea oleagina. This crypto-gam parasite is frequent in the most humid areas of olive tree culture and high attacks may result in complete leaves falling. In Morocco, during the most humid years, the defoliation of olive trees can reach 98% (Tajnari, 1998).  Several varieties are considered as resistant to S. olea-gina like Leccino", "Picholine de Languedoc", "Koroneiki", and "Piangente". Other varieties are sensitive such as "Arbequine" and "Frantoïo" (Barranco et al., 2002). To introduce resistance to S. oleagina in the Moroccan varieties, the genetic improvement program requires the     *Corresponding author. E-mail: khadari@supagro.inra.fr. Telephone: 33 4 99 61 21 49. Fax: 33 4 99 61 26 16.  development of genetic knowledge of the resistance traits. Constructing the olive genetic map based on se-gregating population is essential to detect and to identify loci related to resistance to S. oleagina. The contaminations by the foreign pollen are possible in F1 populations issued from crossing between 2 cultivars (La Rosa et al., 2003). Butcher et al. (1999) reported that the microsatellite markers may be used to detect illegiti-mate offsprings, even by using few SSR loci (Butcher et al., 1999). The present study consists to verify the reliability of the hybrid population issued from crossing between three clones of "Picholine marocaine" ("Menara", "Haouzia" and "M26") sensitive to the S. oleagina, and the "Picholine de Languedoc" resistant to this pathogen. This study will be considered as the pre-requisite of the olive genetic mapping and of the QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) detection linked to S. oleagina resistance.    MATERIALS AND METHODS  Molecular analyses were carried out on a F1 population issued from crossing between 3 clones selected from the cultivar "Picholine marocaine" (PM), (“Menara”, “Haouzia”, “M26”)  and  the  "Picholine      du Languedoc" cultivar (PL): “M26” x PL, “Haouzia” x PL and “Menara” x PL. Crosses were performed in 1991 at INRA (Insitute of Agronomic Research) Marrakech. Fructiferous branches with long internodes were chosen and the flowers were castrated and bagged to avoid the self-fertilizations or foreign pollen. These flowers were pollinated manually while bringing "Picholine du Languedoc" pollen during one week. The seeds germination was realized in aseptic conditions while using a substrate appropriate in the darkness at 13°C. At the end of the year 1993, 235 individuals were planted at INRA. More than half of this hybrid population have started to produce olives since 1999.  The three "Picholine marocaine" clones are considered as having same genotype on the basis of RAPD and SSR markers analysis (Khadari and Bervillé, 2001; Khadari et al., 2007). The des-cendants issued from the 3 crosses are considered as only one hybrid population in segregation. A total of 218 descendants plus the 4 parents were analysed. DNA extraction, SSR reaction and analysis were carried out following Khadari et al. (2007). For the indirect fluorescence, 5 pmol of “Reverse” primer (or “Forward”) and 4 pmol of tail fluore-scent sequence were used in the PCR reaction  (Ganache et al., 2001).  The data analysis is carried out as follows: or each primer used in the progeny analysis, the expected proportion of the genotypes in segregation is defined on the basis of two parent genotypes. From this proportion, a χ2 test was calculated to test the null hypothesis. To estimate the reliability degree of discrimination between the descendants, the probability that one genotype is confused with a given genotype is calculated. Under the hypothesis of the band absence between markers, this probability is defined as the product of the presence or absence frequency of each bands fj of the molecular profile i: Pi =  ∏ fj.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  As a prerequisite to the genetic mapping, it is necessary to verify the validity of the F1 population resulting from a cross between “Picholine marocaine” and “Picholine de Languedoc”. Our primary objective is to analyze rapidly the reliability of the large F1 population and to choose a number of individuals sufficient for the genetic mapping.  Firstly, among the 35 primers which revealed polymor-phism between the two parents, 6 were used for genotyping all of the descendants (Table 1). The alleles number detected by locus varied from 2 (GAPU 59 and UDO99-012) to 4 alleles (GAPU 71B and UDO99-017) with an average of 3 alleles by locus (GAPU 89 and DCA3). With the exception of only two individuals who have genotype 156/168 in the UDO99-017 locus, 218 analyzed descendants have parental alleles. This data indicate that the presumed F1 individuals are truly descendants from the crossing between the "Picholine du Languedoc" and the 3 clones of the "Picholine maro-caine" except for 2 individuals. The presence of the 18 alleles in the two parents is confirmed in the segregating F1 population. Furthermore, no offspring was resulted from self- fertilization of one of the 3 "Picholine maro-caine" clones. Nevertheless, few SSR loci examined in the first part of this study (6 loci) and missing data obtained would not us excluded to have illegitimate individuals, resulting  from  a  Charafi et al.        2777    contamination by pollen of other varieties than the "Picholine du Languedoc" which have genotypes identical to hybrid forms. This hypothesis is not very plausible since the probability to have a genotype by chance among descendants of this crossing varied from 5.98 x 10-5 to 2.37 x 10-6. All precautions were taken during the crossing between the clones of the "Picholine marocaine" and the "Picholine du Languedoc" (see Material and Methods). However, other varieties ("Arbequine", "Manzanilla" and "Olivière") planted in the experimental station of the Marrakech INRA may contaminate the crosses. Some alleles detected in these varieties were different to those present in “Picholine du Languedoc” (Khadari et al., unpublished data). This data exclude the hypothesis of an outside contribution of pollen and display therefore that the analyzed individuals are real descendants of the crossing PL x PM ("Menara", "Haouzia", M26). In the second part of the study, we reduced randomly the number of descendants to 140 individuals. This part of pedigree underwent a larger verification by using 29 other SSR loci (Table 2). In opposition to the first analysis, few missing data were obtained. Detected alleles varied among 2 for 12 loci, 3 for 18 loci and 4 alleles for 5 loci (Table 2). Using 35 SSR loci, any illegitimate descendant was detected on the 140 selected individuals. According to the 3 segregate Mendelian models (1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:1:1:1) and to the χ2 statistical test, all SSR loci displayed mendelian allelic segregation except for 5. The null hypothesis is rejected at 5% for the locus UDO99-005 and a very distorted level was observed at 4 loci (DCA7, UDO99-015, UDO99-025 and UDO99-042; Table 2).  Luro et al. (1995) display the existence of the distortion to the segregation for intraspecific cross. In olive-tree, 19.6 % of AFLP markers have showed distorted segregation in the hybrid population "Leccino" x "Dolce Agogia" (Baldoni et al., 1999). In apple tree, 24% of RAPD and isoenzymatic markers have shown distorted segregation in the descendants of two different crossings (Conner et al., 1997). This distorted segregation can be explained by physical association between markers with a lethal or semi-lethal locus (Bradshaw and Stettler, 1994; Echt et al., 1994), with the locus of incompatibility (allelic incompatible combinations; Gebhardt et al., 1991; Wricke and Wehling, 1985; Paterson et al., 1988) or with chromosomal rearrangements (Kianan and Quiros, 1992; Fauré et al., 1994).  This study shows that the hybrid population resulting from the crossings between the 3 clones of the "Picholine marocaine" and "Picholine du Languedoc" is a true F1 population in segregation. The phenotyping of the characters related to S. oleagina resistance in a segregate population will support the QTL resistance detection and characterization. This works will be of high importance to selection programs assisted by molecular markers. 2778           Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 1. Number of descendants, allelic segregation and the test of segregation distortion of six SSR primers used to reduce population size.    Primer Parents genotype PM x PL Number of descendants1 Number of descendants2 Number of Illegitimate individuals3 segregation Type observed      χ2  P GAPU89a 160/205, 160/175 200 18 - 1 :1 :1 :1 6.286 0.1 GAPU71Bb 127/118, 141/121 207 11 - 1 :1 :1 :1 1.95 n.s.* GAPU59a 211/220,  211/211 176 42 - 1 :1 0.364 n.s.* DCA3b 237/251, 230/251 205 13 - 1 :1 :1 :1 1.46 n.s.* UDO99-012b 154/154, 154/164 208 10 - 1 :1 4.92 0,05 UDO99-017b 152/154, 156/160 210 8 2 (156/168) 1 :1 :1 :1 0.73 n.s.*  aWith M13 or T7 adapter.  bMarked directly in fluorescence.  1Analyzed.  2Not analyzed.  n.s.: The null hypothesis is not rejected in bold genotype of presumed wrong descendants.    Table 2. Parents’ genotype, allelic segregation and the test of segregation distortion of 140 selected F1 individuals analysed by 35 SSR primers.   Locus Parents genotype PM  x PL Missing data segregation Type  χ2  P DCA1 204/212, 204/264  1 :1 :1 :1 2.971 n.s. DCA11 141/161, 131/179  1 :1 :1 :1 5.886 n.s. DCA14 199/209, 209/209  1 :1 0.257 n.s. DCA16 153/172, 144/172  1 :1 :1 :1 0.571 n.s. DCA17 113/113, 102/113  1 :1 0.457 n.s. DCA18 169/176, 166/176  1 :1 :1 :1 2.800 n.s. DCA3* 237/251, 230/251  1 :1 :1 :1 2.400 n.s. DCA5 203/203, 199/203  1 :1 1.829 n.s. DCA7* 149/165, 149/165  1:2:1 17.857 D EMO2 203/222, 203/245  1 :1 :1 :1 6.229 n.s. EMO90 185/187, 185/192  1 :1 :1 :1 4.743 n.s. GAPU101 218/237, 220/226 5 1 :1 :1 :1 3.971 n.s. GAPU103A 134/150, 150/190  1 :1 :1 :1 3.371 n.s. GAPU11e17 214 /220, 214/214  1 :1 1.829 n.s. GAPU45 181/184,  182/182  1 :1 :1 :1 3.886 n.s. GAPU47 181/ 209, 181/204  1 :1 :1 :1 4.800 n.s. GAPU59* 211/220,  211/211 1 1 :1 0.180 n.s. GAPU71B* 127/118, 141/121  1 :1 1.029 n.s. GAPU89*    160/205, 160/175 1 1 :1 :1 :1 3.800 n.s. UDO99-011    121/127, 109/121  1 :1 :1 :1 1.314 n.s. UDO99-012*    154/154, 154/164  1 :1 2.314 n.s. UDO99-015    102/102, 102/105  1:2:1 14.238 D UDO99-017*    152/154, 156/160 1 1 :1 :1 :1 0.714 n.s. UDO99-024   188/209,  207/209  1 :1 :1 :1 1.771 n.s. UDO99-025       171/-, 171/176  1:2:1 19.038 D UDO99-027    119/191, 191/191  1 :1 0.714 n.s. UDO99-031    111/151, 107/151  1 :1 :1 :1 3.600 n.s. UDO99-036    141/147, 147/151  1 :1 :1 :1 0.171 n.s.   Charafi et al.        2779    Table 2. Contd.    UDO99-042    142/148, 142/150 5 1 :1 :1 :1 62.600 D UDO99-043     175/213, 210/219 1 1 :1 :1 :1 1.629 n.s. UDO99-044    146/146, 126/146  1 :1 0.714 n.s. UDO99-005    157/159, 157/159  1:2:1 7,724 0.05 ME30MS   216/233,  212/216 1 1 :1 :1 :1 1,971 n.s. PA(ATT)2    103/121, 109/121  1 :1 :1 :1 0,971 n.s. PA(GA)2   115/125, 112/115  1 :1 :1 :1 3,771 n.s.  n.s.: The null hypothesis is not rejected.  D: Very distorted data (null hypothesis is rejected). *SSR loci used in the analysis of the complete segregate population (Table 1).    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  We wish to thank S. Santoni for his support in SSR genotyping and we are grateful to Pr. F. Dosba for her encouragement and help during this study. This work is supported by the olive program conducted by  DAP UMR and by PRAD project N 03-06.   REFERENCES  Baldoni L, Angiolillo A, Pellegrini M, Mencuccini M, Metzidakis IT, Voyiatzis DG (1999). A linkage genome map for olive as an important tool for marker-assisted selection. Acta Hortic. 474: 111-115. Bamouh A (1998). Plan National oléicole: les axes d’intervention et le plan d’action 1998-2010. Bull. Transfert de Technologie. N°51, Décembre 1998. Barranco D, Cimato A, Fiorino P, Rallo L, Touzani A, Castaneda C, Trujillo I (2002). World catalogue of olive varieties. International Olive Oil Council, Madrid , Espagne 2000.  Boulouha B, Loussert R, Saadi R (1992). Etude de la variabilité phénotypique de la variété « Picholine marocaine » dans la région du Haouz. Olivae 43 : 30-33. Bradshaw HD, Stettler RF (1994). Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. II. Segregation distortion due to genetic load. Theor. 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Verifying the reliability of hybrid issued from the cross “Picholine marocaine clones X Picholine du Languedoc”

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Verifying the reliability of hybrid issued from the cross “Picholine marocaine clones X Picholine du Languedoc”

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