Counterstreaming strahls and heat flux dropouts as possible signatures of local particle acceleration in the solar wind

Suprathermal electrons with energies of ~70 eV and above are observed at 1 au as dispersionless halo electrons and magnetic field-aligned beams of strahls. For a long time, it has been thought that both populations originate only from the solar corona, and that the only active process impacting their properties in the solar wind is scattering. This view has consequently impacted the interpretation of typical patterns of pitch-angle distributions (PADs) of suprathermal electrons. Meanwhile, recent observational studies supported by numerical simulations have shown that there is an unaccounted population of electrons accelerated to suprathermal energies at reconnecting current sheets (RCSs) and 3D dynamical plasmoids (or 2D magnetic islands (MIs)) directly in the heliosphere. We present multispacecraft observations of counterstreaming strahls and heat flux dropouts in PADs within a region filled with plasmoids and RCSs unaffected by interplanetary shocks, comparing observed PAD features with those predicted by particle-in-cell simulations. We show typical PAD patterns determined by local acceleration of thermal-core electrons up to hundreds of electron volts. Resulting PAD views depend on properties and topology of particular RCSs, MIs, and plasma/magnetic field parameters. Our study suggests that solar wind-borne suprathermal electrons coexist with those of solar origin. Therefore, some of heat flux dropout and bidirectional strahl events can be explained by local dynamical processes involving magnetic reconnection. Possible implications of the results for the interpretation of the actively debated decrease in the strahl/halo relative density with heliocentric distance and puzzling features of suprathermal electrons observed at crossings of the heliospheric current sheet and cometary comas are also discussed

DEVELOPING OF THINKING PROCESS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE TEACHING SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY IN LATIN AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной теме развития познавательных компетенций и мыслительных способностей студентов медицинского вуза. Предметом анализа выступает развитие мышления первокурсников Оренбургского государственного медицинского университета в ходе обучения латинскому и иностранному языкам. Авторы ставят целью раскрыть продуктивные приемы развития мышления в процессе освоения студентами-медиками специальной терминологии.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют общенаучные методы наблюдения, классификации, обобщения и сравнения, а также методы анкетирования и тестирования, описательно-аналитический метод.Результаты. Наиболее популярными приемами развития мышления, применяемыми в рамках преподавания дисциплин «Латинский язык» и «Иностранный язык», выступают «Мозаика проблем», «Фишбон», «Инсерт». Результаты мониторинга подтверждают продуктивность применения системы рассмотренных приемов, способствующих выработке у студентов медицинского вуза профессионально значимых качеств. Билингвальная направленность обучения в медицинском вузе способствует совершенствованию у студентов ряда мыслительных процессов. Эффективная структурная организация практических занятий по латинскому и иностранному языкам, способствующая актуализации мыслительных процессов, включает этапы вызова, осмысления и рефлексии.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при обучении студентов-медиков латинскому языку, профессионально-ориентированной межкультурной коммуникации, в спецкурсах лингвистики, психологии, методики преподавания иностранного языка.Purpose. The article is devoted to the topical theme of developing of cognitive competence and thinking abilities of medical students. The subject of analysis is the developing of thinking process of the first-year students of the Orenburg State Medical University in the teaching of Latin and foreign languages. The authors aim to reveal productive methods of thinking development in the process of mastering special terminology by medical students.Methodology. The basis of the research is the general scientific methods of observing, classifying, summarizing and comparing, as well as the methods of questioning and testing, and the descriptive-analytical method.Results. The most popular methods of thinking development, which are applied in the teaching of the disciplines “Latin” and “Foreign Language”, are “The Mosaic of Problems”, “Fishbone”, “Insert”. The monitoring results confirm the effectiveness of the application of the considered methods system, which contribute, to the development of professionally significant qualities in students of a medical higher school. The bilingual orientation of teaching in a medical higher school contributes to the improvement of a number of the students thinking abilities. Effective structural organization of practical classes in Latin and foreign languages, which contributes to the actualization of thought processes, includes stages of challenge, comprehension and reflection.Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the sphere of teaching medical students the Latin language, professionally oriented intercultural communication, as well as in special courses of linguistics, psychology, methodology of teaching foreign languages

Predictability of variable solar-terrestrial coupling

In October 2017, the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Bureau established a committee for the design of SCOSTEP's Next Scientific Programme (NSP). The NSP committee members and authors of this paper decided from the very beginning of their deliberations that the predictability of the Sun-Earth System from a few hours to centuries is a timely scientific topic, combining the interests of different topical communities in a relevant way. Accordingly, the NSP was christened PRESTO - PREdictability of the variable Solar-Terrestrial cOupling. This paper presents a detailed account of PRESTO; we show the key milestones of the PRESTO roadmap for the next 5 years, review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar-terrestrial physics.Peer reviewe

Predictability of variable solar-terrestrial coupling

In October 2017, the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Bureau established a committee for the design of SCOSTEP's Next Scientific Programme (NSP). The NSP committee members and authors of this paper decided from the very beginning of their deliberations that the predictability of the Sun-Earth System from a few hours to centuries is a timely scientific topic, combining the interests of different topical communities in a relevant way. Accordingly, the NSP was christened PRESTO -PREdictability of the variable Solar-Terrestrial cOupling. This paper presents a detailed account of PRESTO; we show the key milestones of the PRESTO roadmap for the next 5 years, review the current state of the art and discuss future studies required for the most effective development of solar-terrestrial physics.Fil: Daglis, Ioannis A.. Hellenic Space Center; Grecia. Universidad Nacional y Kapodistriaca de Atenas; GreciaFil: Chang, Loren C.. National Central University; ChinaFil: Dasso, Sergio Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Gopalswamy, Nat. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Estados UnidosFil: Khabarova, Olga V.. Russian Academy Of Sciences; RusiaFil: Kilpua, Emilia. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Lopez, Ramon. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Marsh, Daniel. National Center for Atmospheric Research; Estados Unidos. University of Leeds; Reino UnidoFil: Matthes, Katja. Geomar-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel; Alemania. Christian Albrechts Universitat Zu Kiel; AlemaniaFil: Nandy, Dibyendu. Indian Institute Of Science Education And Research Kolkata; IndiaFil: Seppälä, Annika. University of Otago; Nueva ZelandaFil: Shiokawa, Kazuo. Nagoya University; JapónFil: Thiéblemont, Rémi. Université Pierre et Marie Curie; FranciaFil: Zong, Qiugang. Peking University; Chin

Current Sheets, Magnetic Islands, and Associated Particle Acceleration in the Solar Wind as Observed by Ulysses near the Ecliptic Plane

Recent studies of particle acceleration in the heliosphere have revealed a new mechanism that can locally energize particles up to several MeV nucleon–1. Stream–stream interactions, as well as the heliospheric current sheet (CS)—stream interactions, lead to formation of large magnetic cavities, bordered by strong CSs, which in turn produce secondary CSs and dynamical small-scale magnetic islands (SMIs) of ~0.01 au or less owing to magnetic reconnection. It has been shown that particle acceleration or reacceleration occurs via stochastic magnetic reconnection in dynamical SMIs confined inside magnetic cavities observed at 1 au. The study links the occurrence of CSs and SMIs with characteristics of intermittent turbulence and observations of energetic particles of keV–MeV nucleon–1 energies at ~5.3 au. We analyze selected samples of different plasmas observed by Ulysses during a widely discussed event, which was characterized by a series of high-speed streams of various origins that interacted beyond Earth's orbit in 2005 January. The interactions formed complex conglomerates of merged interplanetary coronal mass ejections, stream/corotating interaction regions, and magnetic cavities. We study properties of turbulence and associated structures of various scales. We confirm the importance of intermittent turbulence and magnetic reconnection in modulating solar energetic particle flux and even local particle acceleration. Coherent structures, including CSs and SMIs, play a significant role in the development of secondary stochastic particle acceleration, which changes the observed energetic particle flux time–intensity profiles and increases the final energy level to which energetic particles can be accelerated in the solar win

Theory and Applications of Non-Relativistic and Relativistic Turbulent Reconnection

Realistic astrophysical environments are turbulent due to the extremely high Reynolds numbers. Therefore, the theories of reconnection intended for describing astrophysical reconnection should not ignore the effects of turbulence on magnetic reconnection. Turbulence is known to change the nature of many physical processes dramatically and in this review we claim that magnetic reconnection is not an exception. We stress that not only astrophysical turbulence is ubiquitous, but also magnetic reconnection itself induces turbulence. Thus turbulence must be accounted for in any realistic astrophysical reconnection setup. We argue that due to the similarities of MHD turbulence in relativistic and non-relativistic cases the theory of magnetic reconnection developed for the non-relativistic case can be extended to the relativistic case and we provide numerical simulations that support this conjecture. We also provide quantitative comparisons of the theoretical predictions and results of numerical experiments, including the situations when turbulent reconnection is self-driven, i.e. the turbulence in the system is generated by the reconnection process itself. We show how turbulent reconnection entails the violation of magnetic flux freezing, the conclusion that has really far reaching consequences for many realistically turbulent astrophysical environments. In addition, we consider observational testing of turbulent reconnection as well as numerous implications of the theory. The former includes the Sun and solar wind reconnection, while the latter include the process of reconnection diffusion induced by turbulent reconnection, the acceleration of energetic particles, bursts of turbulent reconnection related to black hole sources as well as gamma ray bursts. Finally, we explain why turbulent reconnection cannot be explained by turbulent resistivity or derived through the mean field approach.Comment: 66 pages, 24 figures, a chapter of the book "Magnetic Reconnection - Concepts and Applications", editors W. Gonzalez, E. N. Parke