Differences in Shame Across Ethnic Groups in the United States

There are various theories that can be used to understand the self-conscious emotion of shame. Because shame is a function of social appraisal, culture plays a significant role in the experience and expression of shame. A review of the literature reveals that mainstream culture impacts the experience of shame among minority groups, and that its related to different social norms for each group. Minimal empirical research on shame and minority groups suggest that we know little about the experience of shame among African Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic/Latino/a Americans other that the various social contexts that trigger it

Risk assessment of Golani’s round herring (Etrumeus golanii) in the Greek seas (northeastern Mediterranean Sea)

Greek waters are the recipient of several alien species, mainly through natural dispersal following invasion and establishment of non-indigenous species (NIS) in neighboring areas, making their monitoring and mitigating their effects of paramount importance. The European Union legislation framework toward alien species invasions considers risk assessments as the top of the spear for a first assessment of NIS and their potential to become invasive or not. The Union List has already included top priority species, with very few marine species. Golani’s round herring (Etrumeus golanii) is a species of round herrings in the family Dussumieriidae, a Lessepsian migrant and belonging to a group of NIS in the Mediterranean basin that are less studied. Its distribution range is mainly limited in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea, while in the Greek seas, it has not yet been observed in the north Aegean and Ionian seas, probably due to temperature and oceanographical reasons. Its presence in the basin is recorded by commercial fisheries landings in several countries (especially purse-seiners), indicating a potentially positive effect on commercial fisheries. A risk assessment of E. golanii in Greek waters was carried out in this work, based on the Risk Assessment Scheme developed by the GB Non-Native Species Secretariat (GB Non-Native Risk Assessment—GBNNRA). An overall semi-quantitative summary of risk, in terms of likelihood of events and magnitude of impacts, was facilitated for several attributors, including confidence levels for each one. The assessment highlighted a very likely possibility of introduction in the Greek seas from neighboring countries, as well as successful establishments of populations with high confidence levels. A moderate magnitude of impact regarding its further spread was deemed, while a minor one was indicated in terms of native species pressure and a minimal one in terms of economic costs and public health. Overall, E. golanii was not characterized as an invasive alien species (IAS) and local communities could benefit from its presence (commercial fisheries); however, further studies focusing on its reproduction and spawning grounds should be implemented

Electrocatalytic hydrogen production by dinuclear cobalt(ii) compounds containing redox-active diamidate ligands: a combined experimental and theoretical study

The chiral dicobalt(II) complex [CoII2(μ2-L)2] (1) (H2L = N2,N6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide) and its tert-butyl analogue [CoII2(μ2-LBu)2] (2) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Addition of one equivalent of AgSbF6 to the dichloromethane solution of 1 and 2 resulted in the isolation of the mixed-valent dicobalt(III,II) species [CoIIICoII(μ2-L)2]SbF6 (3) and [CoIIICoII(μ2-LBu)2]SbF6 (4). Homovalent 1 and 2 exhibited catalytic activity towards proton reduction in the presence of acetic acid (AcOH) as the substrate. The complexes are stable in solution while their catalytic turnover frequency is estimated at 10 and 34.6 h−1 molcat−1 for 1 and 2, respectively. Calculations reveal one-electron reduction of 1 is ligand-based, preserving the dicobalt(II) core and activating the ligand toward protonation at the quinoline group. This creates a vacant coordination site that is subsequently protonated to generate the catalytically ubiquitous Co(III) hydride. The dinuclear structure persists throughout where the distal Co(II) ion modulates the reactivity of the adjacent metal site by promoting ligand redox activity through spin state switching

Quenched bond randomness in marginal and non-marginal Ising spin models in 2D

We investigate and contrast, via entropic sampling based on the Wang-Landau algorithm, the effects of quenched bond randomness on the critical behavior of two Ising spin models in 2D. The random bond version of the superantiferromagnetic (SAF) square model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor competing interactions and the corresponding version of the simple Ising model are studied and their general universality aspects are inspected by a detailed finite-size scaling (FSS) analysis. We find that, the random bond SAF model obeys weak universality, hyperscaling, and exhibits a strong saturating behavior of the specific heat due to the competing nature of interactions. On the other hand, for the random Ising model we encounter some difficulties for a definite discrimination between the two well-known scenarios of the logarithmic corrections versus the weak universality. Yet, a careful FSS analysis of our data favors the field-theoretically predicted logarithmic corrections.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures, final versio

Enhancing global climate policy ambition towards a 1.5 °C stabilization: a short-term multi-model assessment

The Paris Agreement is a milestone in international climate policy as it establishes a global mitigation framework towards 2030 and sets the ground for a potential 1.5 °C climate stabilization. To provide useful insights for the 2018 UNFCCC Talanoa facilitative dialogue, we use eight state-of-the-art climate-energy-economy models to assess the effectiveness of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in meeting high probability 1.5 and 2 °C stabilization goals. We estimate that the implementation of conditional INDCs in 2030 leaves an emissions gap from least cost 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways for year 2030 equal to 15.6 (9.0–20.3) and 24.6 (18.5–29.0) GtCO2eq respectively. The immediate transition to a more efficient and low-carbon energy system is key to achieving the Paris goals. The decarbonization of the power supply sector delivers half of total CO2 emission reductions in all scenarios, primarily through high penetration of renewables and energy efficiency improvements. In combination with an increased electrification of final energy demand, low-carbon power supply is the main short-term abatement option. We find that the global macroeconomic cost of mitigation efforts does not reduce the 2020–2030 annual GDP growth rates in any model more than 0.1 percentage points in the INDC or 0.3 and 0.5 in the 2 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios respectively even without accounting for potential co-benefits and avoided climate damages. Accordingly, the median GDP reductions across all models in 2030 are 0.4%, 1.2% and 3.3% of reference GDP for each respective scenario. Costs go up with increasing mitigation efforts but a fragmented action, as implied by the INDCs, results in higher costs per unit of abated emissions. On a regional level, the cost distribution is different across scenarios while fossil fuel exporters see the highest GDP reductions in all INDC, 2 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios

Critical behavior of the random-anisotropy model in the strong-anisotropy limit

We investigate the nature of the critical behavior of the random-anisotropy Heisenberg model (RAM), which describes a magnetic system with random uniaxial single-site anisotropy, such as some amorphous alloys of rare earths and transition metals. In particular, we consider the strong-anisotropy limit (SRAM), in which the Hamiltonian can be rewritten as the one of an Ising spin-glass model with correlated bond disorder. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the SRAM on simple cubic L^3 lattices, up to L=30, measuring correlation functions of the replica-replica overlap, which is the order parameter at a glass transition. The corresponding results show critical behavior and finite-size scaling. They provide evidence of a finite-temperature continuous transition with critical exponents $\eta_o=-0.24(4)$ and $\nu_o=2.4(6)$. These results are close to the corresponding estimates that have been obtained in the usual Ising spin-glass model with uncorrelated bond disorder, suggesting that the two models belong to the same universality class. We also determine the leading correction-to-scaling exponent finding $\omega = 1.0(4)$.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figs, J. Stat. Mech. in pres

Multiple sodium channel isoforms mediate the pathological effects of Pacific ciguatoxin-1

Human intoxication with the seafood poison ciguatoxin, a dinoflagellate polyether that activates voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV), causes ciguatera, a disease characterised by gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances. We assessed the activity of the most potent congener, Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), on NaV1.1-1.9 using imaging and electrophysiological approaches. Although P-CTX-1 is essentially a non-selective NaV toxin and shifted the voltage-dependence of activation to more hyperpolarising potentials at all NaV subtypes, an increase in the inactivation time constant was observed only at NaV1.8, while the slope factor of the conductance-voltage curves was significantly increased for NaV1.7 and peak current was significantly increased for NaV1.6. Accordingly, P-CTX-1-induced visceral and cutaneous pain behaviours were significantly decreased after pharmacological inhibition of NaV1.8 and the tetrodotoxin-sensitive isoforms NaV1.7 and NaV1.6, respectively. The contribution of these isoforms to excitability of peripheral C- and A-fibre sensory neurons, confirmed using murine skin and visceral single-fibre recordings, reflects the expression pattern of NaV isoforms in peripheral sensory neurons and their contribution to membrane depolarisation, action potential initiation and propagation.Marco C. Inserra, Mathilde R. Israel, Ashlee Caldwell, Joel Castro, Jennifer R. Deuis, Andrea M. Harrington, Angelo Keramidas, Sonia Garcia-Caraballo, Jessica Maddern, Andelain Erickson, Luke Grundy, Grigori Y. Rychkov, Katharina Zimmermann, Richard J. Lewis, Stuart M. Brierley and Irina Vette

2 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios and possibilities of limiting the use of BECCS and bio-energy

This report presents a set of scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 °C and 1.5 °C, by either using full-technology reduction options as included in the IMAGE and POLES models, or by limiting the use of bio-energy in energy production and combining it with carbon capture and storage. Under these scenarios, global emission reductions by 2050 will be between about 50% and 65% for the 2 °C target and 70% to 80% for 1.5 °C, compared to 1990 levels

High-E_T dijet photoproduction at HERA

The cross section for high-E_T dijet production in photoproduction has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 81.8 pb-1. The events were required to have a virtuality of the incoming photon, Q^2, of less than 1 GeV^2 and a photon-proton centre-of-mass energy in the range 142 < W < 293 GeV. Events were selected if at least two jets satisfied the transverse-energy requirements of E_T(jet1) > 20 GeV and E_T(jet2) > 15 GeV and pseudorapidity requirements of -1 < eta(jet1,2) < 3, with at least one of the jets satisfying -1 < eta(jet) < 2.5. The measurements show sensitivity to the parton distributions in the photon and proton and effects beyond next-to-leading order in QCD. Hence these data can be used to constrain further the parton densities in the proton and photon.Comment: 36 pages, 13 figures, 20 tables, including minor revisions from referees. Accepted by Phys. Rev.