34,559 research outputs found
Multiscale adaptive smoothing models for the hemodynamic response function in fMRI
In the event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data
analysis, there is an extensive interest in accurately and robustly estimating
the hemodynamic response function (HRF) and its associated statistics (e.g.,
the magnitude and duration of the activation). Most methods to date are
developed in the time domain and they have utilized almost exclusively the
temporal information of fMRI data without accounting for the spatial
information. The aim of this paper is to develop a multiscale adaptive
smoothing model (MASM) in the frequency domain by integrating the spatial and
frequency information to adaptively and accurately estimate HRFs pertaining to
each stimulus sequence across all voxels in a three-dimensional (3D) volume. We
use two sets of simulation studies and a real data set to examine the finite
sample performance of MASM in estimating HRFs. Our real and simulated data
analyses confirm that MASM outperforms several other state-of-the-art methods,
such as the smooth finite impulse response (sFIR) model.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/12-AOAS609 the Annals of
Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
A classification of 2D fermionic and bosonic topological orders
The string-net approach by Levin and Wen, and the local unitary
transformation approach by Chen, Gu, and Wen, provide ways to classify
topological orders with gappable edge in 2D bosonic systems. The two approaches
reveal that the mathematical framework for 2+1D bosonic topological order with
gappable edge is closely related to unitary fusion category theory. In this
paper, we generalize these systematic descriptions of topological orders to 2D
fermion systems. We find a classification of 2+1D fermionic topological orders
with gappable edge in terms of the following set of data , that satisfy a set of non-linear
algebraic equations. The exactly soluble Hamiltonians can be constructed from
the above data on any lattices to realize the corresponding topological orders.
When , our result recovers the previous classification of 2+1D
bosonic topological orders with gappable edge.Comment: 19 page 5 figures, RevTeX
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Rapid, efficient, and economical synthesis of PET tracers in a droplet microreactor: application to O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET).
BackgroundConventional scale production of small batches of PET tracers (e.g. for preclinical imaging) is an inefficient use of resources. Using O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET), we demonstrate that simple microvolume radiosynthesis techniques can improve the efficiency of production by consuming tiny amounts of precursor, and maintaining high molar activity of the tracers even with low starting activity.ProceduresThe synthesis was carried out in microvolume droplets manipulated on a disposable patterned silicon "chip" affixed to a heater. A droplet of [18F]fluoride containing TBAHCO3 was first deposited onto a chip and dried at 100 °C. Subsequently, a droplet containing 60 nmol of precursor was added to the chip and the fluorination reaction was performed at 90 °C for 5 min. Removal of protecting groups was accomplished with a droplet of HCl heated at 90 °C for 3 min. Finally, the crude product was collected in a methanol-water mixture, purified via analytical-scale radio-HPLC and formulated in saline. As a demonstration, using [18F]FET produced on the chip, we prepared aliquots with different molar activities to explore the impact on preclinical PET imaging of tumor-bearing mice.ResultsThe microdroplet synthesis exhibited an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 55 ± 7% (n = 4) after purification and formulation. When automated, the synthesis could be completed in 35 min. Starting with < 370 MBq of activity, ~ 150 MBq of [18F]FET could be produced, sufficient for multiple in vivo experiments, with high molar activities (48-119 GBq/μmol). The demonstration imaging study revealed the uptake of [18F]FET in subcutaneous tumors, but no significant differences in tumor uptake as a result of molar activity differences (ranging 0.37-48 GBq/μmol) were observed.ConclusionsA microdroplet synthesis of [18F]FET was developed demonstrating low reagent consumption, high yield, and high molar activity. The approach can be expanded to tracers other than [18F]FET, and adapted to produce higher quantities of the tracer sufficient for clinical PET imaging
Assessing the quality of steady-state visual-evoked potentials for moving humans using a mobile electroencephalogram headset.
Recent advances in mobile electroencephalogram (EEG) systems, featuring non-prep dry electrodes and wireless telemetry, have enabled and promoted the applications of mobile brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in our daily life. Since the brain may behave differently while people are actively situated in ecologically-valid environments versus highly-controlled laboratory environments, it remains unclear how well the current laboratory-oriented BCI demonstrations can be translated into operational BCIs for users with naturalistic movements. Understanding inherent links between natural human behaviors and brain activities is the key to ensuring the applicability and stability of mobile BCIs. This study aims to assess the quality of steady-state visual-evoked potentials (SSVEPs), which is one of promising channels for functioning BCI systems, recorded using a mobile EEG system under challenging recording conditions, e.g., walking. To systematically explore the effects of walking locomotion on the SSVEPs, this study instructed subjects to stand or walk on a treadmill running at speeds of 1, 2, and 3 mile (s) per hour (MPH) while concurrently perceiving visual flickers (11 and 12 Hz). Empirical results of this study showed that the SSVEP amplitude tended to deteriorate when subjects switched from standing to walking. Such SSVEP suppression could be attributed to the walking locomotion, leading to distinctly deteriorated SSVEP detectability from standing (84.87 ± 13.55%) to walking (1 MPH: 83.03 ± 13.24%, 2 MPH: 79.47 ± 13.53%, and 3 MPH: 75.26 ± 17.89%). These findings not only demonstrated the applicability and limitations of SSVEPs recorded from freely behaving humans in realistic environments, but also provide useful methods and techniques for boosting the translation of the BCI technology from laboratory demonstrations to practical applications
Resonant tunneling diode oscillators for optical communications
The ability to use resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) as both transmitters and receivers is an emerging topic, especially with regards to wireless communications. Successful data transmission has been achieved using electronic RTDs with carrier frequencies exceeding 0.3 THz. Specific optical-based RTDs, which act as photodetectors, have been developed by adjusting the device structure to include a light absorption layer and small optical windows on top of the device to allow direct optical access. This also allows the optical signal to directly modulate the RTD oscillation. Both types of RTD oscillators will allow for seamless integration of high frequency radio and optical fiber networks.European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [645369
History dependence of directly observed magnetocaloric effects in (Mn, Fe)As
We use a calorimetric technique operating in sweeping magnetic field to study
the thermomagnetic history- dependence of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in
Mn0.985Fe0.015As. We study the magnetization history for which a "colossal" MCE
has been reported when inferred indirectly via a Maxwell relation. We observe
no colossal effect in the direct calorimetric measurement. We further examine
the impact of mixed-phase state on the MCE and show that the first order
contribution scales linearly with the phase fraction. This validates various
phase-fraction based methods developed to remove the colossal peak anomaly from
Maxwell-based estimates.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Determining Quasar Black Hole Mass Functions from their Broad Emission Lines: Application to the Bright Quasar Survey
We describe a Bayesian approach to estimating quasar black hole mass
functions (BHMF) when using the broad emission lines to estimate black hole
mass. We show how using the broad line mass estimates in combination with
statistical techniques developed for luminosity function estimation leads to
statistically biased results. We derive the likelihood function for the BHMF
based on the broad line mass estimates, and derive the posterior distribution
for the BHMF, given the observed data. We develop our statistical approach for
a flexible model where the BHMF is modelled as a mixture of Gaussian functions.
Statistical inference is performed using markov chain monte carlo (MCMC)
methods. Our method has the advantage that it is able to constrain the BHMF
even beyond the survey detection limits at the adopted confidence level,
accounts for measurement errors and the intrinsic uncertainty in broad line
mass estimates, and provides a natural way of estimating the probability
distribution of any quantities derived from the BHMF. We conclude by using our
method to estimate the local active BHMF using the z < 0.5 Bright Quasar Survey
sources. At z = 0.2, the quasar BHMF falls off approximately as a power law
with slope ~ 2 for M_{BH} > 10^8. Our analysis implies that z < 0.5 broad line
quasars have a typical Eddington ratio of ~ 0.4 and a dispersion in Eddington
ratio of < 0.5 dex (abridged).Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, emulate ApJ style, accepted by Ap
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