The use of divergent series in history

In this thesis the author presents a history of non-convergent series which, in the past, played an important role in mathematics. Euler\u27s formula, Stirling\u27s series and Poincare\u27s theory are examined to show the development of asymptotic series, a subdivision of divergent series

SYNTHESIS STUDY REGARDING THE ELEMENTS OF INTERNAL CONTROL

Internal control is one of the unpopular elements among staff and management, but it is accepted as a necessary evil. In this article were analysed the necessary steps to be taken into account in the elaboration of the report made by the management of public interest entities, large and medium, regarding the efficiency of the internal control procedures. The nature of the synthesis refers to the complexity of the researched ideas from the perspective of various bibliographic sources and national and international regulations. The research methodology was based on qualitative methods, namely the information was selected, processed and presented based on conceptual content analysis. Finally, a new vision of approach was proposed, starting from the two known stages of control: preventive and subsequent. Preventive control must be designed and implemented only for those transactions where there is a high risk of occurrence of events that have a negative impact on the entity’s objectives. Subsequent control needs to be investigated from the perspective of assessing the presence and functionality of the following elements: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information, communication and monitoring of activities. In this context, we would like to point out that regardless of the type and form, control should be investigated from a systemic perspective to help management in decision-making and ensure the reliability of data in the annual reports

Integrated System for the Population's Education for the Foodstuffs’ Nutritional Labeling

AbstractHealthy eating of the population is an extremely important and complex matter for all mankind. A key point of Directive 2000/13/EC gives consumers the opportunity to obtain all the essential information, concerning the composition, manufacturer, methods of storage and preparation, the existence in the content of substances known as allergens and other things that can harm the consumer, from their foods’ labels. In accordance with European Regulation (EC) No 1924/ 2006, the claim is that these should be allowed, only if they are well understood by the average consumer. After some research under the NUTRILAB project (FP7- PEOPLE- 2012- IRSES, 318 946 - NUTRILAB, Nutritional Labeling Study in Black Sea Region Countries project), it was confirmed that there existed negligence in the labels produced by some manufacturers and many problems in the joint knowledge and understanding of nutritional labeling messages by the consumers. This paper predicts the structure of an integrated system of consumer education and awareness, using a complex of rich management with modern techniques and methods of education, geared towards achieving healthy nutrition with adequate consumption for actual consumer health. The chosen system is integrated into existing programs on tuition and educational levels, and in-service training or further training. It foreshadows a government operative accept action for that policy application, focused on the primary objective of the health of populations through awareness’ attitudes in the correct reception of messages by the nutritional labeling

Caractérisation électro-clinique des convulsions fébriles et risque d’épilepsie

Environ 2-3% d’enfants avec convulsions fébriles (CF) développent une épilepsie, mais les outils cliniques existants ne permettent pas d’identifier les enfants susceptibles de développer une épilepsie post-convulsion fébrile. Des études ont mis en évidence des anomalies d’EEG quantifiée, et plus particulièrement en réponse à la stimulation lumineuse intermittente (SLI), chez des patients épileptiques. Aucune étude n’a analysé ces paramètres chez l’enfant avec CF et il importe de déterminer s’ils sont utiles pour évaluer le pronostic des CF. Les objectifs de ce programme de recherche étaient d’identifier, d’une part, des facteurs de risque cliniques qui déterminent le développement de l’épilepsie après des CF et, d’autre part, des marqueurs électrophysiologiques quantitatifs qui différencieraient les enfants avec CF des témoins et pourraient aider à évaluer leur pronostic. Afin de répondre à notre premier objectif, nous avons analysé les dossiers de 482 enfants avec CF, âgés de 3 mois à 6 ans. En utilisant des statistiques de survie, nous avons décrit les facteurs de risque pour développer une épilepsie partielle (antécédents prénataux, retard de développement, CF prolongées et focales) et généralisée (antécédents familiaux d’épilepsie, CF récurrentes et après l’âge de 4 ans). De plus, nous avons identifié trois phénotypes cliniques distincts ayant un pronostic différent : (i) CF simples avec des antécédents familiaux de CF et sans risque d’épilepsie ultérieure; (ii) CF récurrentes avec des antécédents familiaux d’épilepsie et un risque d’épilepsie généralisée; (iii) CF focales avec des antécédents familiaux d’épilepsie et un risque d’épilepsie partielle. Afin de répondre à notre deuxième objectif, nous avons d’abord analysé les potentiels visuels steady-state (PEVSS) évoqués par la SLI (5, 7,5, 10 et 12,5 Hz) en fonction de l’âge. Le tracé EEG de haute densité (128 canaux) a été enregistré chez 61 enfants âgés entre 6 mois et 16 ans et 8 adultes normaux. Nous rapportons un développement topographique différent de l’alignement de phase des composantes des PEVSS de basses (5-15 Hz) et de hautes (30-50 Hz) fréquences. Ainsi, l’alignement de phase des composantes de basses fréquences augmente en fonction de l’âge seulement au niveau des régions occipitale et frontale. Par contre, les composantes de hautes fréquences augmentent au niveau de toutes les régions cérébrales. Puis, en utilisant cette même méthodologie, nous avons investigué si les enfants avec CF présentent des anomalies des composantes gamma (50-100 Hz) des PEVSS auprès de 12 cas de CF, 5 frères et sœurs des enfants avec CF et 15 témoins entre 6 mois et 3 ans. Nous montrons une augmentation de la magnitude et de l’alignement de phase des composantes gamma des PEVSS chez les enfants avec CF comparés au groupe témoin et à la fratrie. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier des phénotypes électro-cliniques d’intérêt qui différencient les enfants avec CF des enfants témoins et de leur fratrie. L’étape suivante sera de vérifier s’il y a une association entre les anomalies retrouvées, la présentation clinique et le pronostic des CF. Cela pourrait éventuellement aider à identifier les enfants à haut risque de développer une épilepsie et permettre l’institution d’un traitement neuroprotecteur précoce.The incidence of epilepsy in children with febrile seizures (FS) varies from 2 to 3%, but available clinical tools do not allow the identification of those children who will later develop epilepsy. Evidences have shown quantitative EEG abnormalities, more particularly revealed by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS), in patients with epilepsy. No studies have yet examined quantitative EEG parameters in children with FS. It is not known either whether they can be relevant to the evaluation of FSs prognosis. The objectives of this research program were to identify, first, clinical risk factors for developing epilepsy after FS and, second, to determine quantitative EEG markers that differentiate FS patients from normal controls and may aid to evaluate their prognosis. In order to meet our first objective, we reviewed the charts of 482 children with FS, aged 3 months to 6 years. Using survival statistics, we described risk factors for developing partial (prenatal antecedents, developmental delay, prolonged and focal FS) and generalized (family history of epilepsy, recurrent FS and FS after the age of 4 years) epilepsy after FS. In addition, we identified several distinct clinical phenotypes related to the prognosis of FS: (i) simple FS with a family history of FS, not related to a subsequent epilepsy, (ii) recurrent FS with a family history of epilepsy and an increased risk of generalised epilepsy and (iii) focal FS with a family history of epilepsy and an increased risk of partial epilepsy. In order to meet our second objective, we analyzed the steady-state visual potentials (SSVEP) evoked by IPS (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 Hz) as a function of age. The high density EEG (128 channels) was recorded in 61 normal children between 6 months and 16 years of age and 8 adults. We showed different topographical development of low (5-15 Hz) and high (30-50 Hz) frequency SSVEP components phase alignment. Thus, low frequency phase alignment increased with age only over the frontal and occipital regions, whereas high frequency phase alignment increased over all cerebral regions. Then, using the same methodology, we investigated whether children with FS show abnormalities of gamma frequency SSVEP components. We show an increase of both magnitude and phase alignment of the gamma frequency SSVEP components in 12 FS patients compared to 5 siblings of FS patients and 15 control children between 6 and 36 months of age. This study has identified distinct electro-clinical phenotypes that differentiate FS patients from the group of siblings and controls. Future studies should investigate whether detected abnormalities are associated with the clinical presentation of FS and their prognosis. This could help identify children with FSs who will later develop epilepsy and would eventually allow the institution of an early neuroprotective treatment

Transition of the republic of Moldova to a circular economy – a new paradigm of sustainable development and innovation

ПЕРЕХОД РЕСПУБЛИКИ МОЛДОВА К ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ – НОВАЯ ПАРАДИГМА УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И ИННОВАЦИЙ Преодоление глобального кризиса возможно только за счет формирования нового типа взаимоотношений человека и природы, исключающего возможность разрушения и деградации природной среды. Эти виды деятельности относятся к циркулярной экономике, которая в настоящее время считается новой парадигмой устойчивого развития. В этом контексте актуальность исследования заключается в сложности событий, оказавших влияние на экономическое развитие нашей страны. Цель исследования - доказать, что переход Республики Молдова к экономике замкнутого цикла может ввести новый вектор развития. Для выполнения этого исследования использовался обширный методологический инструмент, который включал методы синтеза, индукции, дедукции, сравнительного анализа и прогнозного анализа и т.д.Секция 1_ДРАЙВЕРЫ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА: ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ ОПЫТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ И МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТСборник включен в Государственный регистр информационного ресурса. Регистрационное свидетельство № 3061815625 от 23.05.2018

Prezentare generală a aspectelor caracteristice ale morbidității prin infecția meningococică în Republica Moldova în perioada anilor 2000-2019

National Agency for Public Health, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, MSPI, Municipal Clinical Children’s Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Chisinau, Republic of MoldovaIntroduction. Meningococcal infection (MI) and N. meningitidis carriage are widespread. The global incidence represents a total of 500,000-1,200,000 cases per year, of which 50,000-135,000 are fatal. In European countries the incidence is 0.6-2.0 per 100,000. Infants and young people are more likely to get affected due to different genotypes of meningococci. Thus, MI surveillance is required. Material and methods. The research purpose was to perform an epidemiological analysis of MI in the Republic of Moldova between 2000 and 2019. In the descriptive retrospective epidemiological study were analysed the total MI incidence of a population of 100,000 people, the number of cases in urban and rural areas, the morbidity rate among 1000 children aged between 0 and 17 years, and patients’ age structure. Results. A decreased incidence, without cyclicity, was registered over the past 5 years from 2.57 to 0.55-1.01 per 100,000. The number of carriers accounted for 0.48-0.26 per 100,000 between 2000 and 2005, and zero during 2016-2019. MI vaccination is not carried out. The MI incidence in urban and rural areas was the same. In children aged between 0 and 17 years, during 2000 and 2005, MI incidence was 0.05–0.07, compared to 2016–2019 when it constituted 0.02–0.04 per 1000. In children aged between 0 and 2 years these indices were 0.08 per 1000 in 2004, and 0.44 per 1000 in 2018. Thus, the indices were lower among children aged between 3 and 6 years. Conclusions. Incomplete detection of MI has been noted. Children aged between 0 and 2 years are prone to develop MI, the most vulnerable ones being children aged up to one year. The age structure of patients depends on the intensity of the epidemic process. Hence, it is necessary to improve MI surveillance with genotyping of circulating strains.Introducere. Infecția meningococică (IM) și portaj de N. meningitidis sunt larg răspândite, incidența globală fiind de 500.000-1.200.000 cazuri anual; 50.000-135.000 dintre ele sunt fatale; în țările europene incidența este de 0,6-2,0 la 100.000. Cei mai afectați sunt sugarii, adolescenții și adulții tineri. Din cauza variațiilor genetice ale meningococilor, este necesară o supraveghere permanentă a IM. Material și metode. Scopul lucrării - analiza epidemiologică a IM în Republica Moldova în aa. 2000-2019. În cadrul studiului descriptiv-retrospectiv epidemiologic au fost analizate morbiditatea generală prin IM la 100 mii populație, numărul de cazuri atestate în zonele urbane și în cele rurale, rata morbidității, înregistrate pe un eșantion de 1000 de copii, având vârsta de 0-17 ani și structura de vârstă a bolnavilor. Rezultate. Este evidentă diminuarea aciclică a morbidității, de la 2,57 la 100 mii populație, până la 0,55-1,01 în ultimii 5 ani. Numărul purtătorilor în 2000-2005 era 0,48-0,26 la 100 mii, și zero în 2016-2019. Vaccinarea împotriva IM nu se realizează. Intensitatea IM în zonele urbane și în cele rurale este la același nivel. La copiii de 0-17 ani, IM era de 0,05- 0,07 în 2000-2005 și de 0,02-0,04 la 1000 copii în 2016-2019; la cei de 0-2 ani era de la 0,44 în 2004 și de la 0,08 la 1000 în 2018. La copiii de 3-6 ani este o incidență mai joasă. Concluzii. Se constată evidențierea incompletă a IM. Cei mai afectați sunt copiii de 0-2 ani, în special cei de până la un an. Structura de vârstă a bolnavilor depinde de intensitatea proceslui epidemic. Se impune perfecționarea sistemului de supraveghere a IM cu genotiparea tulpinilor circulante

Hemodynamic changes during posterior epilepsies: an eeg-fnirs study

Posterior epilepsies are relatively rare, mainly suspected clinically by the presence of visual auras. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging non-invasive imaging technique that has the potential to monitor hemodynamic changes during epileptic activity. Combined with electroencephalography (EEG), 9 patients with posterior epilepsies were recorded using EEG-fNIRS with large sampling (19 EEG electrodes and over 100 fNIRS channels). Spikes and seizures were carefully marked on EEG traces, and convolved with a standard hemodynamic response function for general linear model (GLM) analysis. GLM results for seizures (in 3 patients) and spikes (7 patients) were broadly sensitive to the epileptic focus in 7/9 patients, and specific in 5/9 patients with fNIRS deoxyhemoglobin responses lateralized to the correct lobe, and to plausible locations within the occipital or parietal lobes. This work provides evidence that EEG-fNIRS is a sensitive technique for monitoring posterior epileptic activity.CIHR (282447), FRSQ (14385), CIHR-HSF (203422

CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS AND THE MOST USED PRACTICES IN OBTAINING THE RELIABILITY OF ENTITY VALUE ESTIMATION

Estimating the entity value is topical and of particular interest to managers and business owners, who in turn hope that through the evaluation they will obtain parallel and new possibilities for the business remediation. In this context, managers seek the support of qualified assessors, who will conduct a thorough analysis of the entity’s state at a given date, will apply the most effective evaluation methods. In this paper we proposed to investigate and analyze the theoretical aspects of the entity value estimation (EVE), rendered in the opinion of the well-informed researchers and in the light of the evaluation standards. As a result, we note that the criteria of evaluations have been supplemented with the following criterion: by type of activity of the economic entity. We estimate the evaluation methods in order to identify the most accepted and effective method for this important process to the entity. For the practical aspect of the investigation, we focused on the method of comparison in the market valuation of the enterprise, in order to establish the statistical indicators consisting of the calculation of the median and the arithmetic mean. Based on the calculations made in the practical part, we have found that an economic entity can change its own value, in particular, by the way its values are profitable. In estimating the value of the entity, a decision-making function is attributed to the rests with the assessor, in particular with regard to the methods selected and applied professionally by the entity, in compliance with professional valuation standards and current regulations, as the fair estimation of the entity’s value leads to a secure future and a guaranteed success

Epidemiological particulars of family focuses with COVID-19

Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republic of Moldova, PMSI Municipal Clinical Hospital of Contagious Diseases for Children, Chisinau, Republic of MoldovaIntroduction. An outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is spreading rapidly around the world, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. The population of all ages is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 virus. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health study group showed that children are at similar risk to infection as adults, but that they have fewer symptoms. The role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and their susceptibility to mild or asymptomatic infections has been the subject of intense debate. However, it is important to determine the role of the child in maintaining and intensifying of COVID-19 cases. Data from China had showed that most children with COVID-19 were associated with family clusters, where strict social distancing measures have been implemented and 77% of pediatric cases had household exposure. While another data from other studies, such as the Netherlands, suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is spread mainly among adults and from adult family members to children. But emerging evidence suggests children are at greater risk of COVID-19 infection than initially predicted. Material and methods. The determination of the epidemiological peculiarities of the family outbreaks with COVID-19, depending on the children age, the onset of the disease, the living environment, belonging to communities was performed based on a descriptive study. The research group of 160 family outbreaks, which required hospitalization in Municipal Clinical Hospital of Contagious Diseases for Children, during January - February 2021, were included. Results. The number of family outbreaks has increased in January (n=72) vs. February (n= 88). The rate of outbreaks involving school-age children increased from 37.5% in January to 53.4% in February. The onset of the disease in family outbreaks varies depending on the age group of the children. In outbreaks with children aged 0-6 years initially make parents ill in 40.7%, or concomitant onset in 32.55% of cases and 32.55% of outbreaks the onset of the disease occurs in children. In school-age children’s outbreaks, the child is the first who manifest the disease 51.35%, outbreaks with the onset of the disease in parents 41.9%, or concomitant onset 6.75% of cases. It follows a trend of increasing the share of outbreaks in which children are the primary sources of infection, increasing outbreaks from rural areas (from 18.1% to 22.73%), and outbreaks involving organized children (from 43% to 62.5%) which indicates a much higher risk transmission of Covid-19 infection in children's communities. Conclusions. Therefore, children are sources of infection in COVID-19, being responsible for family outbreaks, in about a third of the cases they were the first to show the disease, especially school-age children. Determining the epidemiological features in family outbreaks represent one of the important conditions in developing strategies for action and response to COVID-19 infection in the community