Resources of ornamental plants for bee on campus of the State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

A floristic and phenological study of ornamental, arboreal and shrubby species visited by bees was carried out on the campus of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo. Data on the species were recorded from May 1999 to April 2000. During this period 42 flowering species in flower were evaluated, of these 43% flowered in the wet season, 33% in the dry season and 24% in both seasons, without marked seasonality. Most of the species, about 72%, presented an annual phenological pattern. Leguminosae and Bombacaceae were the richest abundant families (13 and 5 species, respectively). Most of the species studied had white or dish-shaped flowers. A total of 17 bee species were recorded visiting flowers, from May 2000 to April 2001. Visits to flowers could be legitimate or illegitimate. Pollen and nectar were the only resources exploited by the bees. The generalist species Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes and Tetragonisca angustula, and the more specialized species Xylocopa frontalis and Bombus morio, were the most common in the area, and visited the majority of the plant species. These data may be useful in future plans for management of urban environments, using appropriate ornamental plants, to encourage a diversity of bee species.Este trabalho apresenta um estudo florístico e fenológico das plantas ornamentais arbóreas e arbustivas, visitadas por abelhas no campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo. Os registros sobre as plantas foram feitos de maio de 1999 a abril de 2000, obtendo-se 42 espécies de plantas. Cerca de 43% apresentou pico de floração no período úmido, 33% no período seco e 24% em ambos os períodos, não havendo sazonalidade marcada. A maioria das espécies, cerca de 72%, apresentou padrão de floração anual. As famílias mais representativas foram Leguminosae e Bombacaceae com 13 e 5 espécies respectivamente. Dentre as espécies estudadas predominaram flores brancas e o tipo floral aberto. As observações sobre as abelhas que visitavam as flores foram feitas de maio de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, tendo sido registradas 17 espécies de abelhas. Essas abelhas podiam realizar visitas legítimas e/ou ilegítimas às flores. Os recursos utilizados pelas abelhas foram, principalmente, pólen e néctar e, na maioria das espécies de plantas, ambas as substâncias foram utilizadas. Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes e Tetragonisca angustula, abelhas consideradas generalistas e Xylocopa frontalis e Bombus morio, consideradas mais especializadas, foram as cinco espécies que visitaram as flores de maior quantidade de espécies de plantas. Essas informações podem ser úteis para a elaboração de planos de manejo em ambientes urbanos visando à utilização de plantas ornamentais adequadas para atender maior diversidade de abelhas.335343Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

WorldFAIR (D10.3) Agricultural biodiversity FAIR data assessment rubrics

The WorldFAIR Case Study on Agricultural Biodiversity (WP10) addresses the challenges of advancing interoperability and mobilising plant-pollinator interactions data for reuse. Previous efforts, reported in WorldFAIR Deliverable 10.1, ‘Agriculture-related pollinator data standards use cases report’ (Trekels et al., 2023), provided an overview of projects, good practices, tools, and examples for creating, managing and sharing data related to plant-pollinator interactions. It also outlined a work plan for conducting pilot studies. Deliverable 10.2 (Drucker et al., 2024) presented Agricultural Biodiversity Standards, Best Practices and Guidelines Recommendations. This deliverable presented results from six pilot studies that adopted standards and recommendations from the earlier report. The current report complements the efforts with Agricultural Biodiversity FAIR data assessment rubrics.We introduce a set of FAIR assessment tools tailored to the plant-pollinator interactions domain. These tools are designed to help researchers and institutions evaluate adherence to the FAIR principles. In the discovery phase, we found that a significant amount of data on plant-pollinator interactions is available as supplementary files of research articles, in a diversity of formats such as PDFs, Excel spreadsheets, and text files. The diversity of approaches and the lack of appropriate data vocabularies lead to confusion, information loss, and the need for complex data interpretation and transformation. Our proposed framework primarily targets researchers in this domain who wish to assess the FAIRness of the data they produce and take action to improve it. However, we believe it can also benefit data reviewers, data stewards, data repository managers and librarians dealing with plant-pollinator data. Our approach focuses on being as familiar as possible with the researcher's practices, language, and jargon. Ultimately, we aim to promote data publishing and reuse in the plant-pollinator interactions domain.We present a ‘Rubric for the assessment of Plant-Pollinator Interactions Data’ with examples from the data from the pilots developed in Deliverable 10.2 and in relation to the FAIR Implementation Profile (FIP) created by Work Package 10. We conduct ‘dataset assessments’ of available data from research projects surveyed in the discovery phase. Additionally, we describe in detail the ‘Automated FAIR-enabled Data Reviews’ generated by the Global Biotic Interactions (GLoBI) infrastructure, with examples from the pilots. We believe the tools described in this report will encourage data publishing and reuse in the plant-pollinator interactions domain. Moving from diverse approaches and siloed initiatives to widely available FAIR plant-pollination interactions data for scientists and decision-makers will enable the development of integrative studies that enhance our understanding of species biology, behaviour, ecology, phenology, and evolution

Soybean dependence on biotic pollination decreases with latitude

Identifying large-scale patterns of variation in pollinator dependence (PD) in crops is important from both basic and applied perspectives. Evidence from wild plants indicates that this variation can be structured latitudinally. Individuals from populations at high latitudes may be more selfed and less dependent on pollinators due to higher environmental instability and overall lower temperatures, environmental conditions that may affect pollinator availability. However, whether this pattern is similarly present in crops remains unknown. Soybean (Glycine max), one of the most important crops globally, is partially self-pollinated and autogamous, exhibiting large variation in the extent of PD (from a 0 to ∼50% decrease in yield in the absence of animal pollination). We examined latitudinal variation in soybean’s PD using data from 28 independent studies distributed along a wide latitudinal gradient (4–43 degrees). We estimated PD by comparing yields between open-pollinated and pollinator-excluded plants. In the absence of pollinators, soybean yield was found to decrease by an average of ∼30%. However, PD decreases abruptly at high latitudes, suggesting a relative increase in autogamous seed production. Pollinator supplementation does not seem to increase seed production at any latitude. We propose that latitudinal variation in PD in soybean may be driven by temperature and photoperiod affecting the expression of cleistogamy and androsterility. Therefore, an adaptive mating response to an unpredictable pollinator environment apparently common in wild plants can also be imprinted in highly domesticated and genetically-modified crops

Data standardization of plant-pollinator interactions

Background Animal pollination is an important ecosystem function and service, ensuring both the integrity of natural systems and human well-being. Although many knowledge shortfalls remain, some high-quality data sets on biological interactions are now available. The development and adoption of standards for biodiversity data and metadata has promoted great advances in biological data sharing and aggregation, supporting large-scale studies and science-based public policies. However, these standards are currently not suitable to fully support interaction data sharing. Results Here we present a vocabulary of terms and a data model for sharing plant–pollinator interactions data based on the Darwin Core standard. The vocabulary introduces 48 new terms targeting several aspects of plant–pollinator interactions and can be used to capture information from different approaches and scales. Additionally, we provide solutions for data serialization using RDF, XML, and DwC-Archives and recommendations of existing controlled vocabularies for some of the terms. Our contribution supports open access to standardized data on plant–pollinator interactions. Conclusions The adoption of the vocabulary would facilitate data sharing to support studies ranging from the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions to the taxonomic, phenological, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of plant–pollinator interactions. We expect to fill data and knowledge gaps, thus further enabling scientific research on the ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator communities, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the development of public policies. The proposed data model is flexible and can be adapted for sharing other types of interactions data by developing discipline-specific vocabularies of terms

Data standardization of plant-pollinator interactions

Background: Animal pollination is an important ecosystem function and service, ensuring both the integrity of natural systems and human well-being. Although many knowledge shortfalls remain, some high-quality data sets on biological interactions are now available. The development and adoption of standards for biodiversity data and metadata has promoted great advances in biological data sharing and aggregation, supporting large-scale studies and science-based public policies. However, these standards are currently not suitable to fully support interaction data sharing. Results: Here we present a vocabulary of terms and a data model for sharing plant–pollinator interactions data based on the Darwin Core standard. The vocabulary introduces 48 new terms targeting several aspects of plant–pollinator interactions and can be used to capture information from different approaches and scales. Additionally, we provide solutions for data serialization using RDF, XML, and DwC-Archives and recommendations of existing controlled vocabularies for some of the terms. Our contribution supports open access to standardized data on plant–pollinator interactions. Conclusions: The adoption of the vocabulary would facilitate data sharing to support studies ranging from the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions to the taxonomic, phenological, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of plant–pollinator interactions. We expect to fill data and knowledge gaps, thus further enabling scientific research on the ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator communities, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the development of public policies. The proposed data model is flexible and can be adapted for sharing other types of interactions data by developing discipline-specific vocabularies of terms.Fil: Salim, José A. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Saraiva, Antonio M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Zermoglio, Paula Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural. - Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural.; ArgentinaFil: Agostini, Kayna. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Wolowski, Marina. Universidade Federal de Alfenas; BrasilFil: Drucker, Debora P.. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (embrapa);Fil: Soares, Filipi M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Bergamo, Pedro J.. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Varassin, Isabela G.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Freitas, Leandro. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Maués, Márcia M.. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (embrapa);Fil: Rech, Andre R.. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; BrasilFil: Veiga, Allan K.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Acosta, Andre L.. Instituto Tecnológico Vale; BrasilFil: Araujo, Andréa C. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Nogueira, Anselmo. Universidad Federal do Abc; BrasilFil: Blochtein, Betina. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Freitas, Breno M.. Universidade Estadual do Ceará; BrasilFil: Albertini, Bruno C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Maia Silva, Camila. Universidade Federal Rural Do Semi Arido; BrasilFil: Nunes, Carlos E. P.. University of Stirling; BrasilFil: Pires, Carmen S. S.. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (embrapa);Fil: Dos Santos, Charles F.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Queiroz, Elisa P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Cartolano, Etienne A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: de Oliveira, Favízia F. Universidade Federal da Bahia; BrasilFil: Amorim, Felipe W.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Fontúrbel, Francisco E.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: da Silva, Gleycon V.. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Consolaro, Hélder. Universidade Federal de Catalão; Brasi

Food security:reflections on a complex problem

RESUMO. O combate à má alimentação em todas as suas formas, que também se expressa na epidemia da obesidade, é uma das prioridades da Agenda 2030 e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Este artigo traz elementos sobre insegurança alimentar no Brasil, a partir de temas relativos ao crescimento populacional, mudanças climáticas, biodiversidade e sistemas alimentares tradicionais e regenerativos; trata também do papel dos movimentos sociais para a garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. O Grupo de Pesquisa em Nutrição e Pobreza, o Saúde Planetária Brasil, e o Centro de Inteligência Artificial (C4AI) - Eixo AgriBio, entendem que a retomada organizada e sistêmica das frentes apontadas neste artigo de posicionamento, pode constituir um caminho para a articulação entre pesquisa, serviço e políticas públicas na direção do combate à fome e às demais manifestações da má alimentação, enquanto problema complexo prioritário para a garantia do bem-estar social

Data standardization of plant–pollinator interactions

Background: Animal pollination is an important ecosystem function and service, ensuring both the integrity of natural systems and human well-being. Although many knowledge shortfalls remain, some high-quality data sets on biological interactions are now available. The development and adoption of standards for biodiversity data and metadata has promoted great advances in biological data sharing and aggregation, supporting large-scale studies and science-based public policies. However, these standards are currently not suitable to fully support interaction data sharing. Results: Here we present a vocabulary of terms and a data model for sharing plant–pollinator interactions data based on the Darwin Core standard. The vocabulary introduces 48 new terms targeting several aspects of plant–pollinator interactions and can be used to capture information from different approaches and scales. Additionally, we provide solutions for data serialization using RDF, XML, and DwC-Archives and recommendations of existing controlled vocabularies for some of the terms. Our contribution supports open access to standardized data on plant–pollinator interactions. Conclusions: The adoption of the vocabulary would facilitate data sharing to support studies ranging from the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions to the taxonomic, phenological, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of plant–pollinator interactions. We expect to fill data and knowledge gaps, thus further enabling scientific research on the ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator communities, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the development of public policies. The proposed data model is flexible and can be adapted for sharing other types of interactions data by developing discipline-specific vocabularies of termsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Reproductive ecology of two Mucuna species (Leguminosae, Faboideae, Phaseoleae) : embriology, cytogenetic and genetic variability in southeastern Brazil

Orientador: Marlies SazimaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Estudos reprodutivos em Leguminosae são escassos e restritos a espécies de importância agrícola e as de regiões temperadas. As informações disponíveis mostram alta incidência de aborto de frutos e sementes na família, mas pouco se conhece sobre as causas dos processos abortivos. No gênero Mucuna, cuja ecologia da reprodução é pouco conhecida, ocorre alta produção de frutos e sementes em M. urens, enquanto em M. japira a produção é muito baixa, devido aos abortos, embora em ambas haja grande número de flores. Os objetivos deste estudo referem-se ao estudo da biologia da reprodução, com ênfase em embriologia, citogenética e variabilidade genética de Mucuna urens e Mucuna japira, abordando com detalhe os aspectos relacionados nos seguintes itens: 1) descrever detalhadamente a biologia floral e sistemas de polinização de M. urens e M. japira, 2) estudar detalhadamente a produção e composição do néctar e avaliar a influência deste parâmetro na produção de frutos e sementes, 3) verificar os sistemas reprodutivos e os efeitos dos componentes de fecundidade no processo reprodutivos, 4) desenvolver estudos anatômicos e citogenéticos para verificar o índice meiótico e se existem anormalidades no decorrer da microsporogênese; 5) desenvolver estudos sobre a megasporogênese, megagametogênese e formação do zigoto para analisar processos que possam estar relacionados com o aborto de frutos e sementes, 6) desenvolver análises de sistemas isoenzimáticos para caracterizar a variabilidade genética nas populações naturais das duas espécies de Mucuna. A utilização conjunta de dados de biologia reprodutiva com os de embriologia, citogenética, genética populacional e ecologia da polinização trouxeram esclarecimentos sobre as possíveis causas e conseqüências dos abortos de frutos e sementes das duas espécies de Mucuna. O estudo de campo foi desenvolvido em Mata Atlântica, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar ¿ Núcleo Picinguaba, SP e as análises de laboratório no Departamento de Botânica da Unicamp e Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas da USP-Ribeirão Preto. O aborto de frutos e sementes em Mucuna japira parece estar relacionado com: 1) Forrageamento do polinizador, pois todas as flores da inflorescência de M. japira abrem ao mesmo tempo, proporcionando que o polinizador, Cacicus haemorrhous, visite todas as flores favorecendo a geitonogamia e conseqüentemente o aborto de frutos e sementes; 2) Comportamento de visita do polinizador, pois quando C. haemorrhous visita as flores de M. japira pólen é desperdiçado, pois o pássaro apenas ativa o mecanismo explosivo de abertura da flor com o bico e uma quantidade de pólen não é depositada no corpo do polinizador; 3) para M. urens que produz mais frutos e sementes do que M. japira, reabsorção de néctar é um importante recurso para o desenvolvimento de sementes uma vez que a taxa de reabsorção de néctar por flor para M. urens é 3 mg/h e para M. japira é 0.25 mg/h; 4) devido a alta taxa de herbivoria pelas larvas de A. talus, os recursos das plantas são alocados para reconstituição das partes vegetativas, assim ocorre a diminuição dos recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de frutos e sementes ocasionando o aborto; 5) Recursos maternos não disponíveis para nutrição do embrião, como a indisponibilidade do grão de amido e o isolamento do nucelo pela calose e 6) Ausência da sinérgide haustorial para captura de recursos para o desenvolvimento do embriãoAbstract: Studies about reproduction in Leguminosae are scanty and generally confined to crop species. Fruit and seed abortion occurs in this family, but there is few information about the causes of abortion process. The knowledgement about reproductive ecology in Mucuna is little quantity, but in Mucuna urens the production of fruits and seeds is high while in M. japira it is low due to abortion. The present work studies the reproductive biology, using some aspects of embryology, cytogenetics and genetic variability of M. urens and M. japira, and such a study was developed through investigations of: 1) details about floral biology and pollination systems; 2) nectar production and composition related to fruit and seed development; 3) reproductive systems, herbivory and the components of fecundity in reproductive process; 4) cytogenetics and microsporogenesis to verify the occurrence of abnormalities; 5) megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and zygote formation to verify if these processes are related to fruit and seed abortion and 6) isozymes systems to distinguish the genetic variability in natural populations of both Mucuna species. The reproductive biology data together with embryology, cytogenetics, population genetics and pollination ecology elucidated some possible factors and consequences of fruit and seed abortion in these Mucuna species. Field work was developed in Atlantic Forest, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba and the laboratory analyses at Departamento de Botânica, Unicamp and Departamento de Ciências Farmacéuticas, USP-Ribeirão Preto. Fruit and seed abortion in M. japira might be related to: 1) pollinator route foraging, due to all flower in a inflorescence of M. japira open together, providing the pollinator C. haemorrhous visits all flowers, favoring geitonogamy and consequently fruit and seed abortion; 2) pollinator visiting behavior, because when C. haemorrhous visits M. japira flowers, great amount of pollen is lost, because the bird just triggers the flower explosive opening mechanism with its bill and a amount of pollen is not bonded on its body; 3) for M. urens that produces more fruits and seeds than M. japira, nectar resorption is an important resource for seed development once nectar resorption rate for M. urens is 3 mg/h per flower and for M. japira 0.25 mg/h per flower; 4) due to high rate of herbivory by A. talus larvae, plant resources are allocated to reconstitution of vegetative parts, then there are less resources for fruit and seed development, causing abortion of these structures; 5) maternal resources are not available for embryo nutrition, as starch grains are not available and nucellus is isolated by callose and 6) haustorial synergids are not present to capture resources for embryo development as in M. urensDoutoradoDoutor em Biologia Vegeta