Das Bild Indiens in der schwedischen Literatur

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Bildern Indiens in der schwedischen Literatur. Die Lyrik- und Prosawerke der Schriftsteller umfassen dabei eine Zeitspanne von etwa 150 Jahren und reichen vom Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts bis etwa zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. In ihrer Methodik und Begriffsverwendung orientiert sich diese Studie an der komparatistischen Imagologie. Im einleitenden Teil erfolgt zunächst eine nähere Betrachtung des Orientalismus- und Postkolonialismusdiskurses, sowie des literarischen Exotismus in Europa. Bezugnehmend auf Edward Saids Werk Orientalism (1978) und auf die Gestaltung von Bildern des Orients in Europa durch die Geschichte, sollen die nachfolgend ermittelten Indienbilder in größere Zusammenhänge gestellt und mögliche Ein- bzw. Zuordnungen erlaubt werden. Im Anschluss beschäftigt sich die Studie mit möglichen für die Literatur als relevant geltenden Einflussfaktoren hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmung und Kenntnisnahme Indiens in Schweden. Im Hauptteil erfolgt schließlich eine thematische Analyse der ausgewählten Werke, die sich aus vier größeren Abschnitten zusammensetzt. Zeigt sich Indien beispielsweise in der Literatur der schwedischen Romantik fast durchgängig als Sinnbild einer ursprünglichen Vollkommenheit des Menschen, so lässt sich gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts oftmals eine starke Prägung der theosophischen Gedankenwelt von Indienbildern feststellen. Die zur Jahrhundertwende stark von der indischen Mystik und Religion beeinflusste Indiengestaltung in der schwedischen Literatur, erhält dann gegen Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine völlig neue Ausrichtung, indem sie sich nicht länger in märchenhaft-phantastischen Träumereien verliert, sondern den Leser durch die Fokussierung auf erschütternde Lebenserealitäten, zur Solidarität und Handlung aufruft.This thesis deals with images of Indians in Swedish literature. The works of the authors in verse and prose cover a period of approximately 150 years and range from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. In its methodology and use of terminology, this study is geared to the comparative imagology. First of all, the introductory part will look into the discourse of Orientalism and Postcolonialism as well as into literary exotism in Europe. With reference to Edward Saids work on Orientalism, the successional determined images of India shall be put into a wider context and possible classifications and correlations permitted. Furthermore, the study deals with possible, for literature considered as relevant parameter concerning perception and notice of India in Sweden. Finally, in the main part, a thematic analysis of the chosen works which consists of four major sections will be carried out. While in the literature of Swedish romanticism, for example, India presents itself virtually throughout the period as symbol of a natural perfection of mankind, at the end of the 19th century a strong influence of the theosophic notion of images of India can be frequently observed. Towards the middle of the 20th century, the composition of India, which was at the turn of the century strongly influenced by Indian mysticism and religion, gained an outright new orientation. It no longer lost itself in magical fanciful reverie but called on the reader to show solidarity and to take action

Mass functions and photometric binaries in nine open clusters

Using homogeneous CCD photometric data from the 105-cm Kiso Schmidt telescope covering a 50' x 50' field, we study the mass functions (MFs) of nine open clusters. The ages and Galactocentric distances of the target clusters vary from 16 - 2000 Myr and 9-10.8 kpc, respectively. The values of MF slopes vary from -1.1 to -2.1. The classical value derived by Salpeter (1955) for the slope of the IMF is \Gamma = -1.35. The MFs in the outer regions of the clusters are found to be steeper than in the inner regions, indicating the presence of mass segregation in the clusters.The MF slopes (in the outer region as well as the whole cluster) undergo an exponential decay with the evolutionary parameter \tau (= age/ relaxation time). It seems that the evaporation of low-mass members from outer regions of the clusters is not significant at larger Galactocentric distances. It is concluded that the initial mass function (IMF) in the anticentre direction of the Galaxy might have been steeper than the IMF in the opposite direction. A comparison of the observed CMDs of the clusters with synthetic CMDs gives a photometric binary content of ~40%.Comment: Accepted for the publication in AJ, 21 Pages, 11 Figures, 9 Table

Multinational prospective cohort study of rates and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia over 24 years in 42 countries of Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)

Objective: Rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are several times above those of high-income countries. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors (RFs) for VAP cases in ICUs of LMICs. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: This study was conducted across 743 ICUs of 282 hospitals in 144 cities in 42 Asian, African, European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries. Participants: The study included patients admitted to ICUs across 24 years. Results: In total, 289,643 patients were followed during 1,951,405 patient days and acquired 8,236 VAPs. We analyzed 10 independent variables. Multiple logistic regression identified the following independent VAP RFs: male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.28; P <.0001); longer length of stay (LOS), which increased the risk 7% per day (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.07-1.08; P <.0001); mechanical ventilation (MV) utilization ratio (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.23-1.31; P <.0001); continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which was associated with the highest risk (aOR, 13.38; 95% CI, 11.57-15.48; P <.0001)Revisión por pare

An international prospective study of INICC analyzing the incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in 235 ICUs across 8 Asian Countries

Background: Identify urinary catheter (UC)-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) incidence and risk factors (RF) in 235 ICUs in 8 Asian countries: India, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Methods: From January 1, 2014, to February 12, 2022, we conducted a prospective cohort study. To estimate CAUTI incidence, the number of UC days was the denominator, and CAUTI was the numerator. To estimate CAUTI RFs, we analyzed 11 variables using multiple logistic regression. Results: 84,920 patients hospitalized for 499,272 patient days acquired 869 CAUTIs. The pooled CAUTI rate per 1,000 UC-days was 3.08; for those using suprapubic-catheters (4.11); indwelling-catheters (2.65); trauma-ICU (10.55), neurologic-ICU (7.17), neurosurgical-ICU (5.28); in lower- middle-income countries (3.05); in upper-middle-income countries (1.71); at public-hospitals (5.98), at private-hospitals (3.09), at teaching-hospitals (2.04). The following variables were identified as CAUTI RFs: Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.01-1.02; P < .0001); female sex (aOR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.21-1.59; P < .0001); using suprapubic-catheter (aOR = 4.72; 95% CI = 1.69-13.21; P < .0001); length of stay before CAUTI acquisition (aOR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.04-1.05; P < .0001); UC and device utilization-ratio (aOR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.01-1.13; P = .02); hospitalized at trauma-ICU (aOR = 14.12; 95% CI = 4.68-42.67; P < .0001), neurologic-ICU (aOR = 14.13; 95% CI = 6.63-30.11; P < .0001), neurosurgical-ICU (aOR = 13.79; 95% CI = 6.88-27.64; P < .0001); public-facilities (aOR = 3.23; 95% CI = 2.34-4.46; P < .0001). Discussion: CAUTI rate and risk are higher for older patients, women, hospitalized at trauma-ICU, neurologic-ICU, neurosurgical-ICU, and public facilities. All of them are unlikely to change. Conclusions: It is suggested to focus on reducing the length of stay and the Urinary catheter device utilization ratio, avoiding suprapubic catheters, and implementing evidence-based CAUTI prevention recommendations

Globale Märkte - lokale Tragödien : Ausbeutung junger Frauen und Mädchen in der indischen Textilindustrie : eine Analyse des Sumangali-Schemas unter besonderer Berücksichtigung geschlechtsspezifischer Aspekte

Die indische Textil- und Bekleidungsindustrie zählt zu den ältesten und wichtigsten Wirtschaftszweigen des Landes, beschäftigt heute 45 Millionen Menschen und ist Teil global organisierter Güterproduktion. Der südlich gelegene Bundestaat Tamil Nadu bildet das Zentrum der indischen Spinnereibetriebe. Hauptsächlich Mädchen und junge Frauen stellen dort Garn für den heimischen und internationalen Markt her. Ein Teil von ihnen ist vom sogenannten Sumangali-Schema, einer spezifischen Form von Zwangsarbeit und Ausbeutung, betroffen. Die Arbeit widmet sich der Analyse dieser Ausbeutungspraxis und stellt dabei geschlechtsspezifische Fragestellungen in den Mittelpunkt. Sie verortet sich innerhalb des Gedankengebäudes der feministischen Ökonomie, deren Ansätze und Sichtweisen im ersten Teil der Arbeit vorgestellt werden. Eine Diskussion über die Einflüsse der Globalisierung auf die Lebens- und Arbeitswelten von Frauen zeigt, dass Globalisierungsprozesse nicht geschlechtsneutral verlaufen und verdeutlicht die Einbettung der Sumangali-Praxis in ein System globaler Marktmechanismen. Die Untersuchung des Sumangali-Schemas erfolgt im zweiten Teil der Arbeit. Es wird zunächst in seiner Grundstruktur erfasst und anschließend auf personaler bzw. lokaler, rechtsstaatlicher und globaler Ebene analysiert. Dabei steht die Darstellung und Diskussion geschlechtsspezifischer Aspekte und Zusammenhänge im Fokus. Die Analyse zeigt die Vielschichtigkeit der Ursachen dieser Praxis: seine Verwobenheit mit kulturellen Traditionen, Rollenbildern und Hierarchien, die schwachen bzw. patriarchal geprägten rechtsstaatlichen Strukturen und die fehlende Sorgfaltspflicht von Unternehmen hinsichtlich der Arbeitsbedingungen innerhalb ihrer Zulieferketten. In einem größeren Zusammenhang wird am Beispiel der Sumangali-Praxis zur Diskussion gestellt, auf welcher Grundlage wir als globale Gesellschaft angesichts der Schwächen des derzeitigen globalen Marktsystems zukünftig unsere Wirtschaft gestalten möchten.With 45 million employees, the textile and clothing industry is one of the oldest and most important economic sectors of the Republic of India and is nowadays part of a globally organized production of goods. Centred in the federal state of Tamil Nadu, the Indian spinning industry mainly employs girls and young women for the production of yarn for the national and international market. A part of these workers is affected by the Sumangali-Scheme, a specific form of forced labour and exploitation. The aim of this study is to analyse this exploitation practice focusing on gender issues. The first part of the paper deals with the approaches and perspectives of feminist economics, in which critical study this thesis positions itself. The discussion of the influence of globalization on the womens working and living conditions shows that globalization processes are not gender neutral in their progression and illustrates the embeddedness of the Sumangali-practice into global market mechanisms. Part two deals with the Sumangali-Scheme itself, from its basic structure to its personal, local, constitutional and global repercussions. Focusing on gender-specific aspects and relations, the analysis illustrates the complex concurrent causes for the Sumangali-practice: cultural traditions, role models and hierarchies, weak and patriarchal constitutional structures, as well as companies lack of obligation to exercise diligence concerning labour conditions within their supply chains. In a larger context, the Sumangali-practice is adduced to enter into a discussion about how in the light of the shortcomings of the prevailing global market system we as a global community want to organize our economy in the future.Mag.a Kavita Sandhu, BAZusammenfassungen in Deutsch und EnglischAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2018(VLID)278689

The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in school going children of Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh, India

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in 13–18-year-old schoolchildren of Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh, India using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment need (IOTN) and to analyze the treatment needs between males and females and correlation between the esthetic component (AC) and dental health component (DHC) of IOTN. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised 2000 school children (1125 females and 875 males) who had not undergone orthodontic treatment. No radiographs, study casts, were used; IOTN was calculated from clinical examination. Results: DHC results showed that little need for orthodontic treatment was found in 31.6% and moderate need in 30.85%. A great need was estimated at 37.55%. Severe contact point displacement of more than 4 mm was the most common occlusal feature in the definite treatment need group, followed by increased overjet, impeded eruption of teeth, and anterior or posterior cross bite. AC results showed that little need for orthodontic treatment was in 86.15%, moderate need in 8.90%, and great need in 4.95%. Limitations: Index does not consider midline discrepancy, soft tissue abnormalities, and AC does not include Class III and Class II div 2 malocclusion photographs. Conclusions: There seems a discrepancy in the proportion of children needing orthodontic treatment on esthetic and dental health grounds. This study provides baseline data on the need and demand for orthodontic treatment among the sample which is important for planning public orthodontic and dental services

Transcranial Doppler-guided cerebral blood flow augmentation resulting in near complete resolution of cerebral infarct: A case report of intractable intracranial hypertension

Intractable intracranial hypertension is a nerve wrecking clinical challenge which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Barbiturate coma therapy (BCT) is one of the recommended options for such a challenge but is associated with its own set of complications. Multimodality monitoring is a new advent in neurocritical care and provides a new vision to judiciously cater to such challenges. We hereby report a case of successfully treating intractable intracranial hypertension after maximal possible surgical decompression and evidence of well-formed cerebral ischaemic zones with intracranial multimodality monitoring guided BCT. The positive outcome was to the extent of almost complete reversal of cerebral ischaemic zones and return to normal life schedule

Case report: Acute calcific discitis with intravertebral disc herniation in the dorsolumbar spine

Acute calcific discitis is a rare but well-known condition of unknown etiology. In symptomatic cases, the most common site is the cervical spine. We describe the CT scan and MRI findings in a symptomatic patient, with a lesion in the dorsolumbar spine